2026-07-31T21:14:38Z https://gesrjournal.com/oai/?metadataPrefix=oai_dc&verb=ListRecords

oai:gesrjournal.com:392512 2016-12-30 gesr

Exploring the Mediating Role of Job Stress in Relationship Between Leadership Styles and Employees Commitment Saeed Muhammad Muhammad Saqib Khan Hamid Khan Leadership Styles Job Stress Employees Commitment & Job Stress This study is an attempt to examine whether leadership styles (transformational and transactional) have any effect on the commitment of employees, working in PESCO. The current study also examined the facilitating role of job stress in connection amid employees' commitment and leadership styles that whether the job stress affects this relationship or otherwise. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select the respondent of the research study. The primary data were collected by using questionnaire. The significance level (p < .05) was used to accept and reject the hypotheses. The results acclaim that the development in the perceived level of leadership style used by the leaders can affect the commitment level among the employees. The leadership style of the leaders is expected to mark not only the commitment level of the workforces but also the performance of the organization. Similarly, job stress fully mediated the relationships between leadership styles and employees performance. Humanity Publications RO, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-mediating-role-of-job-stress-in-relationship-between-leadership-styles-and-employees-commitment https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2016(I-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392513 2016-12-30 gesr

Impact of A.V Aids on Academic Achievement of Students at Secondary School Level in Southern Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Tanveer Ahmad Nasir Ali Abdul Basit Khan Audio Visual aids Students' academic achievement and Secondary School. AV aids are very important in the learning process. It prepares students for useful learning. There is no doubt that learning materials have great importance in education. Due to this the researcher conducts a study regarding "impact of AV AIDS on the academic achievement of students". A descriptive nature study was conducted. All the 10th class students of Gov secondary schools were the study population. As a sample 500 respondents were selected from 12 Govt. secondary schools, by applying a simple random sampling technique. The researcher delimited the study only to 10th grade of the 12 females and males' schools. To collect the data, a self-made tool was used. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS. John Curry formula was applied. Frequency, percentage, and linear regression were used for analysis. It was revealed that students' academic achievement has a positive relation with AV aids. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Institute of Education & Research, Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology D.I.Khan KP, Pakistan M.Phil. Scholar, Institute of Education & Research, University of Science & Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Institute of Education & Research, University of Science & Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/Impact-of-AV-Aids-on-Academic-Achievement-of-Students-at-Secondary-School-Level-in-Southern-Districts-of-Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2016(I-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392514 2016-12-30 gesr

Comparison of Students' Perceptions Concerning their Teachers Classroom Management Skills at Secondary Level Gul Andaz Khan Irfan Ullah Khan Hafiz Fahim Ullah Management Skills Schools Classroom Academic Achievement. The purpose of this study was to investigate "the comparison of students' perceptions concerning their teachers' classroom management skills at secondary level. From each school five teachers was selected as a sample or respondents; in these way 280 teachers were selected as a sample of the study. The sample of the study was finalized by using John Curry formula. For analysis Mean, Standard deviation and t-test were used. This insignificance dissimilarity amid the views of male and female learners reflects that both male and female teachers properly manage their classroom management skills. Analysis presented no noteworthy dissimilarity amid the opinions of urban and rural students regarding their teachers' class room management skills. This insignificant dissimilarity amid the opinions of urban and rural learners reflects that teachers accurately accomplish teachers' class room management skills. Humanity Publications Ph.D Scholar, Institute of Education & Research, University of Science & Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education & Research, University of Lakki Marwat, KP, Pakistan. School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Xi'an Jioatong University, Xi'an, China. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/comparison-of-students-perceptions-concerning-their-teachers-classroom-management-skills-at-secondary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2016(I-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392515 2016-12-30 gesr

Relationship of Psycho-Traumic Problem (Nightmares) with Students Physical, Mental Health and Their Academic Achievement at Secondary Level Due to War Hazards and U.S. Drone Strikes in North Waziristan Mati Ullah Muhammad Saqib Khan Noman Ahmad Khan Nightmares War Hazards U.S. Drone Attacks Students' Academic Achievement North Waziristan. Nightmares badly influence health and learning. Population of the study comprised of all boys and girls of Secondary Schools in NWA whereas (n=403) respondents, 202(50.12%) boys and 201(49.88%) girls were taken as sample from the entire population. Face-to-face questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents through stratified random sampling technique. The key objective of the study was to examine relationship of nightmares with students’ health and their academic achievement. Data was delimited to Secondary School students in NWA. Data was statistically analyzed through SPSS by using Pearson Correlation. The respondents perceived nightmares responsible for students’ poor health and low academic achievement. The Mean value of nightmare was 3.2109, SD, 1.43263, and (p, .000 < 0.05) with negative ‘r’= - .355** which shows negative correlation of nightmares with students’ health and their academic achievement. Results and conclusions were drawn. Recommendations were suggested for future researchers and further improvement in the study. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education & Research, University of Lakki Marwat, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, D.I.K, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, D.I.K, KP, Pakistan. 2016-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/relationship-of-psychotraumic-problem-nightmares-with-students-physical-mental-health-and-their-academic-achievement-at-secondary-level-due-to-war-hazards-and-us-drone-strikes-in-north-waziristan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2016(I-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 1, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392516 2017-12-30 gesr

Exploring the Problems Towards Entrepreneurship Development in Pakistan Naeem Ullah Muhammad Saqib Khan Muhammad Anwar Entrepreneurship Problems Development Pakistan. The entrepreneurship has been widely described by researchers as intermingling of the different innovative techniques used by the individuals through risk taking behavior to avail the available business opportunity. The entrepreneurship has some positive as well as negative consequences for individual who desired to invest their resources in the business opportunities. In Pakistan, there are many opportunities for entrepreneurship development as supported by government in diverse spheres. In Pakistan, the risk taking and innovation is inhibited severely by invasive role of government in marketplaces related to the diverse businesses. To examine phenomenon by analyzing the views, the data was collected from students hailing from the universities located in southern region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study is expected to provide certain valuable information about relationships among the research variables thereby extracting some recommendation from the results for the policy makers and future researchers to cater the situation related with entrepreneurship development in Pakistan. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Khushal Khan Khattak University Karak, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, Khushal Khan Khattak University Karak, KP, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-problems-towards-entrepreneurship-development-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2017(II-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392517 2017-12-30 gesr

An Analysis of Stakeholders Concerns Regarding Dropout of Professional Degrees in the Recruitment of Teachers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Abdul Ahad Roshan Saeed Mazhar Gul Allah Noor Khan Professional Degree New Policy Recruitment Concerns D.I.K-KP Teaching is a prophetic profession. It requires a considerable amount of professional knowledge and skills that allows any individual to become a competent teacher and play his role successfully in the school environment. The government of KP recently gave an open opportunity for everyone to apply on each and every teaching cadre/posts of teaching without having the professional degree. The purpose of study was to explore, compare and explain the concerns of stakeholders (professional degree holders) regarding this new recruitment policy for all cadres in district D.I.Khan. The mixed method, convergent parallel design was used for the study. Closed ended questionnaire on five point Likert scale (n=202) and semi-structured, open ended interview (n=12) as a tool was used for the study. Concerns regarding needs/importance of professional degree, dropping out professional degree and acceptance of policy were pointed out. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education & Research, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education & Research, Gomal University, D.I.K, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Education & Research, Gomal University, D.I.K, KP, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/an-analysis-of-stakeholders-concerns-regarding-dropout-of-professional-degrees-in-the-recruitment-of-teachers-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa- https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2017(II-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392518 2017-12-30 gesr

Analysis of the Independence of Superior Judiciary Under Civilian Governments in Pakistan: From 1947 till 2009 Mobina Mehsood Fawad Khan Raza Ullah Shah Independence of Judiciary Superior Judiciary Executive Judicial Appointment Removal. The political history of Pakistan is divided into two phases: military regimes and political/civilian governments. The military ruled over Pakistan more than half and civilian governments remained in power less than half of its entire history. This paper studies and examines the function of the judiciary and effect of executive on independence of the superior courts during civilian governments in Pakistan from 1947 till 2009. Violation of judiciary independence of through executive are examined under several domains like its undue role in judicial appointments and removal; its undue influence during the case proceedings and decisions; the abuse of judicial proceedings due to political considerations. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Nawab Allah Nawaz Khan Law college, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Student, Department of Public Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/analysis-of-the-independence-of-superior-judiciary-under-civilian-governments-in-pakistan-from-1947-till-2009 https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2017(II-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392519 2017-12-30 gesr

Investigating the Influence of Leadership Styles on Employees Commitment Saeed Muhammad Muhammad Saqib Khan Aziz Javed Leadership Styles Employees Commitment Job Stress & PESCO The leadership styles and employees’ commitment are widely research topic explored around the globe in different contexts. Keeping in view this trend, the current study also “examined the impact of leadership” styles and employee commitment by collecting data from employees hailing from PESCO, Pakistan. The survey approach for data collection has been used by collecting the data from the workforces working in Peshawar electricity supply company to walk around “influence of leadership style on the employees’ commitment”. The current study sent out 255 questionnaires to bring together data from workers of the PESCO. The outcomes show that the leadership style significantly and positively affect employees’ commitment. The study provided significant results about the relationships among the research variables. Some recommendations have been emerged from the results to the policy makers and “future researchers to focus on the leadership” styles to get the desired results and keep the employees more committed and dedicated towards the concerned organizations. Humanity Publications RO, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/investigating-the-influence-of-leadership-styles-on-employees-commitment https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2017(II-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392520 2017-12-30 gesr

Is Child Labour a Real Challenge for Universalization of Enrollment in Primary Schools in District Bannu? Sayyed Farooq Shah Abid Ullah Khan Aziz Javed Child Labour Universalization of Enrollment in School Adverse Effect This study explores the causes of Child Labour and its adverse impact on Universalization of enrollment. Objectives of the study were: to explore the determinants of CL and Universalization of enrollment and to find out different kinds of hurdles in the Universalization of Enrollment as experienced by Teachers. This study was mixed method exploratory sequential in nature. Population of the study was parents or guardians of the total 992 Child Labourers and 2939 primary teachers. The sample of the study for QUAL phase was 20 participants while for Quantitative 147 teachers and 100 parents. For Qualitative data collection 20 interviews and for Quantitative data collection 2 questionnaires for teachers and parents were used. For Qualitative data NVIVO-10 & for Quantitative data analysis SPSS supported by descriptive & inferential statistics was used. At the end it was recommended that CL should be eliminated through universal enrollment in primary schools. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education & Research, University of Science & Technology, Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education & Research, University of Science & Technology, Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, KP, Pakistan. 2017-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/is-child-labour-a-real-challenge-for-universalization-of-enrollment-in-primary-schools-in-district-bannu https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2017(II-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 2, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392521 2018-12-30 gesr

Mediational Role of Emotional Intelligence between Transformational Leadership and Employee Performance Hamid Khan Muhammad Saqib Khan Raza Ullah Shah Transformational Leadership OCB Task Performance POP Emotional Intelligence. The present study aims to investigate dynamic connection between transformational leadership and employee performance with mediating role of Emotional intelligence. Relationship between variables of current model is based upon different theories, mainly supported by social exchange theory proposed. Data was obtaining from public and private sector universities through purposive sampling in dyads. Response obtain were analyze through rigorous statistical procedures i.e. CFA via AMOS in first phase, followed by bootstrapping, mediation. Findings indicate that both emotional intelligence and perception of organization politics act as a stronger role in enhancing association between organizational citizenship behavior and transformational Leadership. Same results were indicating by both mediators for relationship between employees task performance behavior and Transformational leadership. However, EI highly mediate the connection between OCB and Transformational leadership, while POP shows strength in making relationship between employees task performance and Transformational leadership attitude. Recommendations are also discussed at the end of the paper. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, D.I.K, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, D.I.K, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University, D. I. K, KP, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/mediational-role-of-emotional-intelligence-between-transformational-leadership-and-employees-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2018(III-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392522 2018-12-30 gesr

Comparative Study of Principal Role in Parents Participation at Secondary School Level Niaz Mohammad Aajiz Nasrullah Khan Parents Principals participation Comparison Schools. School Success mainly depends upon active participation of parents with schools. The role of school principals is crucial in providing more opportunities to parents about their kid performances and progress. Their effective participation with schools greatly enhances the academic and non-academic performance of the learners. It is the strong home-school connection that also motivates teachers and school faculty to make the school better. A sample of 30 principals and 80 parents were selected for the study. Data were collected through questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed statistically, and conclusion drawn at the end. It was concluded that private school principals were more active and connected with the parents of their students as compared to the public schools. The study identified that school and home communication could enhance the learners' motivational level, classroom performance and social behavior. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, islamia college university Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of the Poonch Rawalakot Kahuta Campus, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/comparative-study-of-principals-role-in-parents-participation-at-secondary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2018(III-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392523 2018-12-30 gesr

Dynamics of Mental Health Literacy Among the Academic Staff: A Developing Country Perspective Anwar Khan Muhammad Anwar Irfan Ullah Khan Knowledge Beliefs Attitudes Roles Mental Health Health Literacy Academic Staff University. Universities are ideal locations for improving Mental Health Literacy and academic staff can play vital role in guiding students about mental health. However, there is scarcity of research on Mental Health Literacy in universities of Pakistan, thus indicating research gap. This research assesses faculty members knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes toward mental health. It also examines roles and capacities of faculty members in guiding students about mental health. Finally, it will examine relationship between demographic characteristics and Mental Health Literacy. A cross-sectional design was used. Population consisted of 441 academic staff of universities of Pakistan. A sample of 251 was obtained through Stratified Radom Sampling. Data was collected through self-administered online questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive statistics and Multivariate Linear Regression models. Academic staff had moderate level of knowledge about mental illnesses. They had moderate beliefs and attitudes regarding mental illness and had played mild roles in promoting mental health among students. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, Gomal University, KP, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/dynamics-of-mental-health-literacy-among-the-academic-staff-a-developing-country-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2018(III-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392524 2018-12-30 gesr

Role of Emotional Intelligence in Strengthening links of Teacher ManagementSkills with their Performance in HEIS of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Gohar Nadeem Allah Nawaz Teacher Management-skills Teacher-performance Emotional-intelligence Personal EI and Social EI Teacher management skills (TMS) determine his/her performance in the workplace however, there are many factors which affect relationships between TMS and teacher-performance (TP). One of the most highlighted factors is the emotional intelligence (EI) of teacher. In the current study, both personal EI (PEI) and social EI (SEI) have significantly played their role however, social EI has emerged as Full mediator confirming the assumption that for social interactions, SEI is more relevant than PEI. Positivism has been used as the research philosophy which emphasizes to accept facts and figures as knowledge if verified through observational scientific-method for both data collection and analysis. Survey approach was applied on literature and field surveys with scientific treatment of data supplemented by statistical procedures. Correlations and mediations are significant with huge statistics thereby confirming the assumed interactions of variables. The study has implications for the stakeholder to consider EI as the major contributor towards positive relations between TMS and TP. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Pubic Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/role-of-emotional-intelligence-in-strengthening-links-of-teacher-managementskills-with-their-performance-in-heis-of-khyberpakhtunkhwa-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2018(III-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392525 2018-12-30 gesr

Gender Difference and Cyber Communication; Internet and Social Media Usage Pattern of Universities Students Asghar Ullah Khan Muhammad Saqib Khan Afshan Jabeen Gender Difference Cyber Communication Internet Social Media Usage Pattern University Students The main objective of the research study was to know the usage pattern of cyber communication by the universities students of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). It was a descriptive and survey analytical research. The population of the study was all universities students of KP. 800 students were selected from 6 universities of KP. The collected data were processed, tabulated, explained and interpreted through some statistical tools i.e. tables, percentages and t-test. The major findings showed that university students are regular users of cyber communication. Most of them use internet and social media (SM) more than two hours per day. A big chunk of the university students uses it for the education and entertainment purposes. The findings also revealed that there is a difference between genders in using cyber communication. In the light of the said findings, certain major recommendations were made in order to achieve the maximum benefits of the study. Humanity Publications Department of Communication and Media studies, Gomal University, D.I.K, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Sports Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, pakistan. 2018-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/gender-difference-and-cyber-communication-internet-and-social-media-usage-pattern-of-universities-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2018(III-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 3, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392526 2019-12-30 gesr

A Study on Physical Facilities Provided in Primary Schools of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Malik Amer Atta Hafiz Azmat Ullah Qayyum Nawaz Study Physical Facilities Primary Schools The study focused on the provision of physical facilities in primary schools and to provide relevant suggestions. Total 192 schools 8 schools from each district, 4 male and 4 female- 2 from urban and 2 from rural area were included in the study. An observation Performa regarding physical facilities provided in the schools was used an instrument for the collection of relevant data. For the purpose of data analysis, percentage was used. The result shows that majority of the schools have insufficient rooms. Teaching is carried out in rooms where available. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Education & Research, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Education & Research, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Subject Specialist, Department of Education, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-study-on-physical-facilities-provided-in-primary-schools-of-khyber-pakhtunkhwa https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2019(IV-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392527 2019-12-30 gesr

Puzzle of Developing E-Learning Systems for Higher Education in Developing States like Pakistan Allah Nawaz Irfan Ullah Khan Information & Communication Technologies Electronic Learning Higher Education Institutions Digital-literacy E-Learning [EL] systems are developed by professionals but used by those belonging to one or another field and not the computer as subject. Given this, EL has to be developed within a scenario of technical, human and social aspects of the environment wherein the new system is about to operate. Which technologies are available and how they are perceived determines the development and use processes however, this relationship is mediated by users’ digital literacy issues and beliefs about the nature and role of ICTs in education? This is therefore incumbent upon developers and HEI-management to start with a broader picture of EL projects and make technical, human, social and organizational arrangements to develop and integrate the new system within the existing work environment making it supportive to prospected users. This paper develops theoretical model of theory of EL development and use in higher education in the background of developing states. Humanity Publications Professor, Department of Public Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/Puzzle-of-Developing-E-Learning-Systems-for-Higher-Education-in-Developing-States-like-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2019(IV-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392528 2019-12-30 gesr

Kinematical Analysis of Off-Spin Bowling at Club level Cricket Muhammad Tahir Nazeer Asif Munir Muhammad Awais Saeed Kinematics Analysis Cricket off-Spin Bowling Deviation Club Level. Cricket is the most famous game but no research work in cricket in the field of biomechanics. The aim of study was to find out the relationship of body segments angles, height of release, angle of release and average speed with deviation of ball. Eight males off spin bowlers has to bowl six legal deliveries. Descriptive statistics was used for describing the data. Pearson product moment correlation was used for the various relationship of the variable to the deviation of the ball. Angle of release (r=0.895**), average velocity (r=0.852), ankle joint left (r=.604), knee joint left (r=0.642), shoulder joint left (r=-.610) and elbow joint left (r=-.694) were significantly correlated to the deviation of the ball. Result shows that the balls bowled by bowlers with greater angle of release, on higher speeds and with extended left ankle angle were deviate more. Ball deviate more with lesser left shoulder and elbow angles. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of the Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Student, Department of Sports Sciences, University of the Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Director (Planning & Development), Directorate General of Sports & Youth Affairs, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/kinematical-analysis-of-offspin-bowling-at-club-level-cricket https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2019(IV-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392529 2019-12-30 gesr

Experiences and Perceptions of Postgraduate Students about a Blended Learning Program in Pakistan Asma Shahid Kazi Shagufta Moghal Blended Learning Postgraduate Education Public Sector University Purposive Sampling Qualitative Research. The current age is recognized for its rapid technological advancements in every field. This study adopts a qualitative exploratory methodology to investigate the experiences and perceptions of the students of one department of a public sector university in Lahore, Pakistan, which used blended learning for better student access and ease in communication. It looks at the technological challenges faced by the students, and factors which provide insight to improve the blended learning program and help replicate the model for other departments. A sample of 11 postgraduate students was selected for semi structured interviews; the results showed both negative and positive perceptions towards blended learning classrooms. The positive side highlighted the ease of access, cost efficiency, flexible environment and less commute time for the learners, while the negative aspects pointed out issues such as repeated technical issues, lack of transparency in student performance and lack of opportunity for student participation Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Professional Studies/Institute of Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer/PhD Scholar, Department of Professional Studies/Institute of Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/Experiences-and-Perceptions-of-Postgraduate-Students-about-a-Blended-Learning-Program-in-Pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2019(IV-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392530 2019-12-30 gesr

Access to Online Social Media Sources Improve English Learners’ Vocabulary Skills Irfan Ullah Khan Saif Ullah Khan Mati Ullah Khan University level learners Access to Social media English language Vocabulary The purpose of this research study was to highlight the importance of online social media sources in English language vocabulary development at university level. The study was descriptive in nature that is why selfdeveloped questionnaire was used for the collection of data as a research instrument. Population of the study was all the master level students enrolled in session 2015-16 of social sciences and pure sciences in public sector universities, and sample size of the present study was eight hundred students of four public sector universities of southern districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Similarly, the data which was collected from the given sample of population was arranged, coded, analyzed, and tabulated through SPSS version 24. Statistical tools which were used for analysis of the present data were percentage, mean, standard deviation, independent sample t-test, and one way ANOVA post hoc. Result of the study showed positive effect. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education & Research, University of Lakki Marwat, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education & Research, University of Lakki Marwat, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education & Research, University of Lakki Marwat, KP, Pakistan. 2019-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/access-to-online-social-media-sources-improve-english-learners-vocabulary-skills https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2019(IV-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 4, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392533 2022-06-30 gesr

Impact of Social Media Usage on Academic Procrastination Mussarat Anwar Ayesha Anwar Amir Hamza Marwan Academic Procrastination Social Media Social Networking Sites (SNSs) This research study aims to discover the possible relationship between social media usage with academic procrastination exhibited by students. The multistage sampling technique was utilized and a sample of N=240 belonging to different educational levels (intermediate, graduate, and post-graduate), stratified by gender (boys=120 and girls=120), was drawn from various educational institutions in the Peshawar district. The researchers utilized Social Networking Time Use Scale:SONTUS (Olufadi, 2016) to measure the time spent by the subjects on social networking sites. Whereas the Academic Procrastination Scale: APS (McCloskey, 2011) was used to gauge the Academic procrastination level of the respondents. Results indicated significant positive correlation between social media usage and academic procrastination, r = 0.424; p less than 0.01. An inverse relationship of educational level with social media time usage and academic procrastination was also manifested, r=-.153; p less than0.01 and r = -.167; p less than 0.01. Moreover, there was no significant difference in academic procrastination tendency by gender F(1,238)= 1.334, P greater than .05. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, College of Home Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, College of Home Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-social-media-usage-on-academic-procrastination https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).24 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Assessment of Government Teacher's Burnout Regarding Selected Demographic Variables Muhammad Javed Iqbal Malik Amer Atta Qayyum Nawaz Burnout Assessment Emotional Exhaustion (EE) Depersonalization (DP) Personal Accomplishment (PA). The study was conducted to assess and compare the burnout level of SSTs of district Dera Ismail Khan pertaining to selected demographics like gender, locality and marital status. A researcher made "Teacher's Burnout Inventory-TBI" was used to assess the burnout level of SSTs. The inventory was validated using Exploratory Factor Analysis and also through face and content validity. The reliability of the inventory was recorded as 0.822. The population of the study consisted of 884 Secondary School Teachers. The burnout inventory was distributed among a selected sample of 272 SSTs out of which only 204 SSTs responded in which 183 SSTs (126 male and 57 female SSTs) completely and properly filled the inventory. Data was analyzed using SPSS (Version 22.0). Three null hypotheses were also devised and accordingly tested. The data analysis revealed that all together, burnout level among SST teachers of D.I.Khan was however low. On gender basis, a significant difference was recorded while no significant differences were noted on marital status and locality facets of burnout. Various recommendations including increase in pay and allowances, convince and medical facilities, along with trainings regarding coping and diminishing stress and burnout were made on the basis of data analysis. Humanity Publications Subject Specialist, Department of Education, Qurtuba University, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Education & Research,Gomal University, Pakistan. Subject Specialist, Department of Education, Gomal University, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/Assessment-of-Government-Teachers-Burnout-Regarding-Selected-Demographic-Variables https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Finance Allocation and Utilization as Predictor of Sports Development: A Case Study of Mianwali and Layyah District Afshan Jabeen Salahuddin Khan Syed Zia -Ul-Islam Finance Allocation Utilization Sports Development. `Sports and Games in the Government colleges of different districts ( Mianwali & Layyah) of southern Punjab have been on the significant decline especially in female folk. Objective of this research was to analyze the allocation and utilization of sports funds for female sports development at college level. Finance allocation and utilization are the pivots around which the particular study revolved. A sample of 34, LPEs (17) and senior clerks (17) working in government colleges for women were selected by using a convenient sampling technique. Two self-developed on 3-point Likert type scale consisting of 19 and 10 items were used for collecting the data. One for senior clerks and 2nd for lecturers in Physical Education (LPEs). The obtained data was analyzed by using one sample T-test. The study results found that the sports funds allocation as per the listed pupils in different five years was depicted enough to some extent while the allocated amount does not utilize properly for the promotion of college sports. So it was recommended that the college principals should be trained in the arena of fiscal management and use the allocated sports funds for the promotion of female sports only. Humanity Publications Ph.D scholar, SS&PE, Gomal University D. I. KHAN, KP, Pakistan. Chairperson, SS&PE, Gomal University D. I. KHAN, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, SS&PE, Gomal University D. I. KHAN, KP, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/Finance-Allocation-and-Utilization-as-Predictor-of-Sports-Development-A-Case-Study-of-Mianwali-and-Layyah-District https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Analyzing The Effect Of English Subject Teaching On The English Writing Skills Of Secondary School Students Syed Zubair Haider Rafaquat Ali Madiha Ikram English Language Teaching Curriculum Skills Secondary School. English is known as international language for communication. If we talk about Pakistan, English is used as an official language however, the national language of Pakistan is Urdu. In schools, English language is taught as a compulsory subject. It plays a very important role in developing communication skills among students. The present research is related to analyze the effect of English subject teaching on the writing skills of Secondary School Students in South Punjab. In this research 9th class government and private school were taken as study sample. A writing skill test that was related to English language conducted for collecting the data. After collection of data a comparison chart was made. In this chart difference between both school students was clearly visible. Conclusion was made on the basis of result and in the end, suggestions were given for improving the writing skills of students. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Research Scholar, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/analyzing-the-effect-of-english-subject-teaching-on-the-english-writing-skills-of-secondary-school-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Analysis of University Students' Emotional Awareness from Diverse Perspectives Bashir Hussain Asia Zulfqar Hafiza Noor Us Sabah Emotional awareness achievement quantitative university. Emotional awareness allows learners to see things from others' perspective and helps students to enhance their self-confidence and behavior. Considering importance of emotional awareness, it is pertinent to examine the level of students' emotional awareness. This study examines the emotional awareness of university students from the perspective of their gender, program, on- /off-campus residence, and achievement. This study also investigates the relationship between students' emotional awareness and their academic achievement. This research used descriptive and the correlational research designs. Three public universities were selected to collect data, a sample of 701 students was selected using cluster and stratified random sampling techniques. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the selected students. For data analysis, independent sample t-test and correlation were calculated to identify conclusions. The results identify the low level of emotional awareness of students and a week but positive association exists between students' emotional awareness and their achievement. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. M. Phil Scholar, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/Analysis-of-University-Students-Emotional-Awareness-from-Diverse-Perspectives https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Teachers' Perception Regarding Determinants Of Primary School Students' Dropout At Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Malik Amer Atta Muhammad Javed Iqbal Abdul Hafeez Joya Perception determinants dropout students The problem under consideration was "Teachers' perception regarding determinants primary school students' dropout at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa". Sample of eight schools, four male (two rural and two urban) and four female (two rural and two urban) was drawn/selected from selected district. Thus a total sample of one hundred and ninety-two schools was selected randomly from all the twenty four districts. A questionnaire entailing of thirty one items was developed and administered to the stakeholders for the purpose of data collection. Percentage statistics was used for analysis of data. Mostly teachers opinion that causes of dropout include illiterate paternal, deprived financial position of parents, overburden courses, absence of governmental attention, absence of student's interest, absence of co-curricular activities, students absenteeism from school, distance between school and home, repeating the same class, absence of physical facilities absence of efforts to abstain students from being drop out, absence of paternal interest, paternal over affection and rising expenses. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Education & Research, Gomal University, DI Khan, KP, Pakistan. Subject Specialist, Department of Education, Qurtuba University, Pakistan. SDEO, Department of Education, Gomal University, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/Teachers-Perception-Regarding-Determinants-Of-Primary-School-Students-Dropout-At-Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Perceptions of Teachers Regarding Online In-Service Training in their Professional Development in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Irfan Ullah Khan Saif Ullah Khan Mati Ullah Khan Teachers Perceptions Online In-Service Teachers Training Professional Skills Development The present study was conducted to find out the perceptions of teachers regarding online in-service training in development of their professional skills in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study was descriptive in nature. The population of the study consisted of selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Five hundred respondents were selected as a sample from the population, which is 8073, in which female population is 1828 and male population is 6245, the researcher was taken female from Urban which is 22% and 387 from male which is 88% of both the populations respectively. Data was collected through questionnaire having five points for the agreement level of the respondent 'strongly agree','agree', 'undecided', 'disagree' and 'strongly disagree' carrying values 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 respectively. Data was entered into SPSS (Version 22.0). The size of sample was taken according to John Curry (1984) formula. Simple linear regression was used for data analysis. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education & Research, University of Lakki Marwat, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education & Research, University of Lakki Marwat, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education & Research, University of Lakki Marwat, KP, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/perceptions-of-teachers-regarding-online-inservice-training-in-their-professional-development-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Developing Child interest in learning English: Mothers perspectives Samia Zaheer Abbasi Muhammad Iftikhar Ali Adeela Iffat Child Interest Mother Perspective English Learning Learning English as a second language becomes a dire need to meet international educational standards. The objective was to explore the mother's role in developing a child's interest in learning English. A qualitative method of was adopted in this study by taking 12 in-depth interviews from the mothers. Convenient sampling technique was used for the collection of data. Relevant analytical techniques for validation of various generated themes from the transcribed data were used. Using Nvivo Software the perspectives of the respondents were analyzed to explore the mother's role in developing an interest in learning English amongst children. The theoretical framework of study was based on theory of teaching and learning, that primarily focuses on interest of learner. Mothers have great influence in building student's interest in learning English. Three major themes including mother's competencies, home learning environment, and motivation found. The study gives future directions for potential research avenues.. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, NUML University Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Management sciences, Quality Assurance Officer Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. M.Phil, Department of Education, NUML University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/Developing-Child-interest-in-learning-English-Mothers-perspectives https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes of University Graduates Ashfaque Ahmad Shah Zunaira Fatima Syeda Uzma Shahzadi Assessment Higher Education Learning Outcomes Graduates Programs Learning outcomes is always an extensive research area in higher education. The research is to assess the learning outcomes of university graduates. To accomplish the aim, descriptive research and survey design was used for data collection. It was the case study of the University of Sargodha. A self-developed questionnaire was validated by expert opinion, and reliability was established at .92. For analyzing the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to test the mean difference of participative programs. It was found that there is no significant difference in the learning of students on the basis of the program in which they are enrolled. The study recommends an extensive study of learning outcomes in higher education. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/assessment-of-higher-education-learning-outcomes-of-university-graduates https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Challenges in Teaching and Learning in Live Classes in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Sumaira Taj Irfan Ullah Khan Sajid Ullah Khan Live Classes in Pakistani Schools In-Service Teacher Training Teacher Training Challenges in live Classes Education plays an important role in development of any country that is why this study was conducted in 2018 regarding online live classes at primary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on pilot based. This paper draws on the challenges faced by the facilitators, co-facilitators and teachers in the pilot project. Multiple tools were used for collecting data from facilitators, co-facilitators, and teachers. Data were collected from a total of four facilitators, sixteen co-facilitators, two IT experts, and four observers participated to develop this paper. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis technique. The study highlighted challenges like technology, delivery, and contents related issues. Apart from these Adaptability issue, Time Management and Motivation were also identified as challenges in live classes. The respondents used quick fixed remedies to address the challenges, and highlighted various recommendations for its solution. Humanity Publications Principal, Institute of Teacher Education, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Education & Research Uniersity of Lakki Marwat, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, University of Lakki Marwat, KP, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/challenges-in-teaching-and-learning-in-live-classes-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Perceptual Study Regarding the Impact of Recreational Activities Upon Healthy Lifestyle of Youth Fehmida Khanum Syed Zia -Ul-Islam Muhammad Asghar Khan Recreational Activities Healthy Lifestyle And Youth The main focus of the existing research study was to examine the impact of recreational activities upon youth from social prospective healthy lifestyle. The study Population consist of 520 Teachers, 15890 Students and 14926 Parents from Government Girls Colleges (GGC), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Five districts Swabi, Peshawar, Kohat, Lakki Marwat and Dera Ismail Khan (20% percent of 25 districts) were randomly selected from the population further the researcher using proportionate sampling technique for the data collection. Self- developed and administered questionnaire was used for the present study to draw finding and conclusion. Both descriptive frequency and percentage and inferential statistic was used for such as regression and ANOVA were used for the data analysis. It was concluded that the researcher concluded that a very positive stance was received regarding effectiveness of recreation in individual lives and particularly among the youngster. The respondents of all categories i.e. parents, students and teachers thought that recreation is very effective tool to promote and develop healthy lifestyle. Humanity Publications Higher Education Department, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Sports Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Sports Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/perceptual-study-regarding-the-impact-of-recreational-activities-upon-healthy-lifestyle-of-youth https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effects of School Building on Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students in Southern KP, Pakistan Nasir Ali Abdul Basit Khan Tanveer Ahmad School Building Secondary Schools Academic Achievement Southern KP Pakistan Without proper building, the teaching-learning process is incomplete. The importance of school building has been acknowledged as a basic building block of humanity from past till now as teachers and students' stay is mostly in school building during study hours; and there is close relationship between school building and students' academic achievement. In this study, the researcher has also focused on the school building and its effects on the academic achievement of students. The main objective of the study was to know the impact of School building on Secondary School students in Southern districts of Khyber Pakthunkhwa, Pakistan. The study was descriptive. Dichotomous questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. Despcritive and inferential statistics were used to attain the desired objective the study. The results of the current study show that there is a significant relationship between students' academic achievement and school building. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Education & Research, University of Science & Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Education & Research, University of Science & Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Education & Research, University of Science & Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effects-of-school-building-on-academic-achievement-of-secondary-school-students-in-southern-kp-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Relationship of Population Configuration with Enrollment of Children at Primary Level of District Bannu Malik Amer Atta Qayyum Nawaz Hafiz Azmat Ullah Relationship Population Configuration Enrollment Children Primary Level The Problem under study was the relationship of population composition with enrollment of children at primary level. The study was significant because we can make forecasting of educational plans keeping in view the relationship. All the Primary School of the District Bannu was included in the population for the study. The sample was 05 Urban Male School, 05 Urban Female School, 05 Rural Male School, and 05 Rural Female School. The research instrument was a questionnaire. Through this questionnaire data was collected regarding schools from 2013 to 2019 in different classes. The null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the population composition and enrollment was tested. The result shows that the correlation between the enrollment and the population growth is 0.98. It is high correlation which indicates the strong relationship between the number of enrollments of student and population Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education & Research, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, KP, Pakistan. Subject Specialist, Department of Education, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education & Research, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/relationship-of-population-configuration-with-enrollment-of-children-at-primary-level-of-district-bannu https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Investigating the Impact of Mobile Application on Learning Among Teachers Based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Naveed Saif Ihsan Ullah Khan Imrab Shaheen Mobile Learning Teachers District Bannu Teachers Attitude Teachers Learning Teachers Performance Mobile learning and digital communication are known as the most advanced tool to get competitive edge over other in the current globalized world. The current research study tries to investigate the adaptation of mobile acceptance model among teachers in District Bannu. Researchers try to investigate the teachers' attitude, performance and learning capabilities with the usage of mobile technology. Target population of the study is 2000 newly recruited teachers, while sample size of 220 was drawn based on the approach of (Sekran, 2004) known population. Data was analyzed through SPSS statistical procedure. Results depict that all the variables having significant association. However, teacher performance shows 51% increase in their knowledge due to Mobile application to their studies. Based on the findings it is concluded that performance and mobile application to education can further enhance the capabilities of teachers. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Business and Management, University of Lakki Marwat, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Chairperson Department of Public Administration, University of Kotli, AJ&K, Pakistan. 2020-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/investigating-the-impact-of-mobile-application-on-learning-among-teachers-based-on-technology-acceptance-model-tam https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Online Learning at University Level amid COVID-19 Outbreak: A Survey of UMT Students Tanveer Hussain Shanawer Rafique Abdul Basit COVID-19 online leaning ICTs This research inquires impact of COVID-19 outbreak on education. It measured the effectiveness and productivity of online learning during pandemic. Online mode of education. Knowing the role of information and communication technologies in assisting and facilitating online learning was also one of the main objectives. Online Survey was conducted for data collection. Sample was selected from University of Management and Technology using simple random sampling. According to the results, respondents agreed that COVID-19 has affected education at university level badly. Respondent agreed that sudden switch to online learning due to COVID-19 has created unrest among students. Respondents also strongly agreed that online leaning is less effective and classroom leaning is more effective. In current research, it has been observed that respondents strongly disagreed and 19.50% disagreed that ICTs have facilitated them during their online leaning amid COVID-19. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, School of Media and Communication Studies, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil. Scholar, School of Media and Communication Studies, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, School of Media and Communication Studies, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/online-learning-at-university-level-amid-covid19-outbreak-a-survey-of-umt-students- https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Exploring Transformational Leadership Practices and Teachers' Job Performance in Higher Education Department Afshan Jabeen Syed Zia-Ul- Islam Muhammad Asghar Khan Transformational Leadership Practices Association Job Performance. The primary purpose of this particular research was to explore the transformational leadership practices and level of the job performance of physical education teachers in the higher education department, Punjab, Pakistan. Two hypotheses were formulated to explore study objectives. Descriptive research design with the survey approach and quantitative method was adopted. The study population consisted of 296 male and 266 female physical education teachers. Overall, 76% return response rate was recorded. Frequencies and percentages and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for analyzing the collected data. The study results found a significant and moderate positive relationship between transformational leadership and job performance of physical education teachers. So, the researchers recommended that high interest of transformational leaders lead to high performance with the work of employees; therefore, they may provide maximum chances to the LPEs to indulge themselves in promoting sports activities with the positive collaboration leaders. Humanity Publications Phd Scholar, Department of SS&PE, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Chairman, Department of SS&PE, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Phd Scholar, Department of SS&PE, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-transformational-leadership-practices-and-teachers-job-performance-in-higher-education-department https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Relationship between Internal and External Determinants and Sports Participation of Colleges Players at Southern Punjab, Pakistan Saeed Javed Abida Naseer Qamar Javed Internal and External Determinant College Players Sports Participation The present research was aimed to determine the relationships of internal (personal interest and motivation level) and external (parent support, mobile and internet, and academic pressure) determinants with sports participation (promotion of health and social interaction) of players. Samples of 450 numbers were randomly selected from the population. A self-administered questionnaire was utilized to collect the desired data. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation analysis were employed to analyze the collected data. The findings of the research revealed that sub-domains of internal and external determinants were significantly associated with sports participation of student players. It was concluded that much usage of mobile and internet and academic pressure from the parents might be the factors that may decrease participation of students in sports and cause of less interest and low motivation towards sports. It was suggested that parents should take care of youngster's activities rather than sports to promote their health and social interaction. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Sports Sciences & Physical Education, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/relationship-between-internal-and-external-determinants-and-sports-participation-of-colleges-players-at-southern-punjab-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Children Abilities to Regulate their Selves of On-Job Women and Housewives Muhammad Nisar Ul Haq Khadija Awan Muhammad Mahmood On-job Women Self-Regulation Housewives Chi-Square Pillai's Trace Test Social Adjustment The study aimed to find out the difference between self-regulation and social adjustment in the children of on-job women and housewives. The study was quantitative in nature and was delimited to higher secondary students of Rawalpindi division of Punjab. The sample of the study comprised of six hundred students of on-job women and housewives each of private and public colleges of Rawalpindi division. A self-developed questionnaire was managed to collect data about self-regulation and social adjustment of students. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of SPSS version 22. Chi-Square test statistics and Pillai's Trace statistics were performed. The study concluded that children of on-job women have more ability to regulate their self as compared to children of housewives. It was also concluded that children of on-job women are socially well adjusted as compared to children of housewives. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Development, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Mohi-ud-Islamic University Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Mohi-ud-Islamic University Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/children-abilities-to-regulate-their-selves-of-onjob-women-and-housewives https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Motives Behind Participation in Sport Among the People from Different Segments of the Community Mohibullah Khan Marwat Rehan Yousaf Muhammad Shah Fitness Health Motivation Recreation Sociability Sport Psychologically speaking, motives to participate in sport differ from person to person, gender to gender, age to age and so on. Each person enters the sport with different types of motivating factor. Every individual has a different type of mentality, mood, choice, taste and area of interest. The prime objective of the study was to determine the motivating factors of the players representing different segments of the community towards their participation. Responses were gathered from the professional and amateur male and female players representing different games. Mean and T-test were used for analysis of the data. Mainifindingss nclude that maintenance of health was on top amongst the priorities of the all respondents followed by promotion of efficiency of the body, attainment of fun & recreation, promotion of the attributes of sociability and lastly skill-development was endorsed by the respondents regarding relationship between participation in sport and development of the skill-development. Humanity Publications Professor, Department of Sports Sciences & Physical Education, The University of Lahore, Punjab,Pakistan. Manager Sports, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/motives-behind-participation-in-sport-among-the-people-from-different-segments-of-the-community https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Self-Directed Learning of Prospective Teachers through Active Learning Strategies: An Experimental Study Fouzia Ajmal Zarina Akhtar Saira Active Learning Strategies Prospective Teachers Self-Directed Learning Pakistan This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of active learning strategies for developing Self Directed learning of prospective teachers. It was a one-shot experimental study. The prospective teachers were selected through purposive sampling technique. The active learning strategies were used as an independent variable, whereas self-directed learning was used as dependent variable of the study. The researchers administered the Likert scale at the start and end of treatment as a tool for data collection. The data analyses were done through mean score and t-test. It was found active learning strategies significantly increases some variables of self-directed learning such as planning, evaluation, reflection, effort, and self-efficacy of prospective teachers whereas self-monitoring, self-management and desire for learning were not affected by active learning strategies used. It is recommended that teachers assign some individual tasks to prospective teachers to enhance their desire for learning, self-management and self-monitoring. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/selfdirected-learning-of-prospective-teachers-through-active-learning-strategies-an-experimental-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Impact of Rewards & Supervisor Support on Turnover Intentions with the Mediating Effect of Affective Commitment among University Lecturers in Public and Private Universities of Islamabad, Pakistan Ozair Ijaz Kiani Aftab Haider Salma Zahir Turnover Intentions Rewards University Lecturers Affective Commitment Supervisor Support. The purpose of this study has focused on what kind of impact rewards and supervisor support has on turnover intentions that had been developed by university lecturers and how affective commitment plays a mediating role in the reduction of turnover intentions by university lecturers in universities of Islamabad. The quantitative technique was used to collect data from a sample of 278 university lecturers of both public and private universities in Islamabad through close-ended questionnaires. Stratified simple random sampling technique was implemented in this study. The data was analyzed through correlation and regression analysis while using SPSS. For mediation, the Preacher and Hayes Test has been used to check the mediation effect of affective commitment between independent and dependent variables used in this study. Findings show that rewards and supervisor support played a pivotal role in the reduction of turnover intentions among lecturers and developed a stronger level of affective commitment for their respective universities. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Business Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, Women University, Swabi, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-rewards-and-supervisor-support-on-turnover-intentions-with-the-mediating-effect-of-affective-commitment-among-university-lecturers-in-pu https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Effect of Teachers' and Learners' Gender Variation on the Responses about L1 use in L2 Pedagogy Muhammad Ahsan Noshaba Younus Muhammad Naeem Gender Pedagogy EFL Classroom L1 L2 The focus of the present study was to find out the impact of teachers' and learners' gender variation on the responses about L1 use in L2 pedagogy at degree level. To explore a clear comprehension of the current topic, the study aimed at 577 learners and 156 teachers. The data collection was done through student-teacher questionnaires. The data were examined using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) version 23. Data were analyzed with the help of descriptive analysis. The results of the present research show that L2 learners (male & female) and English teachers (male & female) exhibited an extremely positive tendency in regard to the use of L1 in the English classroom. Responses to the statements, overall, noted from the chosen senior to junior teachers show that letting mother tongue in foreign language classrooms is beneficial in Pakistani context as the ban of mother tongue from English class will cast a negative impact on their apprehension of EFL. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of English, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan, KP, Pakistan. Department of English, Riphah International University Faisalabad Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of English, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-effect-of-teachers-and-learners-gender-variation-on-the-responses-about-l1-use-in-l2-pedagogy https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Effects of Demographic Variables on Career Choice of University Students Nosheen Malik Irshad Hussain Career Choice Demographic Variables Career Selection Future Employability The choice of right career is a defining stage in the life of all students. A right decision regarding career choice leads towards a productive life. Students have to consider several factors before deciding about their career. This study explored the demographic variables affecting the career choice of university students. It determined the effects of parents' education, their profession, background, family social status and income on career choice of university students. The population of the study consisted of female students of the 1st semester of the GSCWU. A questionnaire was distributed among 400 students of BS (1st semester) who were taken randomly. Data was analyzed using SPSS in terms of (Correlation, t-test, ANOVA). The results of the study revealed that parents' influence in career choice as most important, followed by financial resources, birth order of children, gender and personal interest of parents. The study results suggested that counselling sessions provide students with updated knowledge and information to create their interest in the right choices and available careers. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effects-of-demographic-variables-on-career-choice-of-university-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Alignment of English Language Course Contents with NPSTP Standards at B.Ed (Hons): A Critical Review Sehrish Mushtaq Sajid Ali Yousuf Zai Professional Development Pedagogical Competency Quality Standards Course Contents Globally, education pursues to improve quality in teaching through professional development and pedagogical competencies of teachers which leads to enhanced learning outcomes. National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan (2019) were developed to achieve standardization of teacher education and accreditation of teacher programme. This research study explores the level of alignment of English Language course contents in accordance with the selected NPSTP standards integrated into the curriculum for B.Ed (Hons) programme for prospective Elementary school teachers. It adopts conducting a qualitative content analysis of English Language course on the themes provided in three selected NPSTP standards, i.e., Subject matter knowledge; Instructional planning and management; and assessment in the domain of Knowledge and Understanding. The study adopted a content analysis method and thereby categorized the domain of Knowledge and Understanding in each NPSTP standards. The study compared and found the majority of themes are addressed in the course guides of English. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/alignment-of-english-language-course-contents-with-npstp-standards-at-bed-hons-a-critical-review https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Higher Education in Pakistan and Malaysia: A Comparative Analysis of their Education Policies in the Modern Era of Technology Kamal Haider Ghulam Ali Kerio Anjum Bano Kazimi Comparative Analysis; Technology; Education Policy; Higher Education; Pakistan and Malaysia. The Government of Pakistan through the Ministry of Education (Now Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training) has formulated various Education Policies since 1970, all could not have achieved the target objectives due to poor governance, lack of budget, and a dearth of implementation of formulated policies. While Malaysia through the Ministry of Higher Education has successfully introduced NHEAP 2007-2010, NHESP 2011-2015 and MEBHE 2015-2025 to achieve the vision of making Malaysia an international hub for HE by 2020. To serve the mentioned purpose, five International University Campuses were established. The current study is conducted to compare Pakistan and Malaysian HE policies so to highlight the gaps/weaknesses of Pakistan HE policies and strategies adopted by Malaysian policymakers to form a better HE system. For the purpose qualitative approach was selected and contents of written documents were compared and analyzed, i.e., education policies & reports, research papers/scholarly articles, dissertations & books. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of TeachersÂ’ Education, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education, IQRA University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/higher-education-in-pakistan-and-malaysia-a-comparative-analysis-of-their-education-policies-in-the-modern-era-of-technology https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Study Habits of Students and Academic Achievement: A Correlational Study Aisma Bibi Naila Naseer Zahida Habib Academic Achievement Study Habits Gender The study analyzed the relationship between students' study habits and academic achievement. The population was students of SSC level Rawalpindi. Sixty 9th graders were taken as a sample through purposive sampling technique. Study habits scale was a research tool developed by Ansari and Choudhary (1990), which comprised 30 items. Academic achievement was students' 8th class annual examination results. Students' academic achievement and score on study habits scale were correlated. The results showed that students' study habits scores had a positive correlation with their academic achievement. Humanity Publications Phd Scholar, AIOU, Islamabad/Lecuter, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP,Pakistan. Lecturer Distance, Non-formal and Continuing Education Department, AIOU, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, University of Education, Township Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/study-habits-of-students-and-academic-achievement-a-correlational-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Relationship of Democratic Coaching Style with Character Building of Student-Players Nisar Ahmed Khaskheli Muhammad Hashim Darya Muhammad Akhlaque Memon Character Building Democratic Coaching Relationship Assessment. This examination study was conducted on the character building of students who are also players through democratic coaching style. The primary goal of the examination was to explore the connection of democratic conduct of coaching with the character building of the players. The study was carried out on Badminton players at the Sukkur region, Sindh. The student-players of 20 associated colleges (N=100) and 20 teaching departments (N=100) of Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur participated in the study. A survey questionnaire, as a research tool, was applied. The results show that the majority of student-players were of the view that there is a positive relationship between democratic conduct of coaching with the character building of the student players. The frequencies, percentages were differently found, which were significantly different from each other. The study recommended that the training and coaching programs for the character building of student-players should be arranged and tournaments like inter-school, inter-department, inter-collegiate, and inter-varsity be organized where the student-players be encouraged to participate, and the concerned coaches must focus on the character-building of the students along with the technical and tactical skills of the student-players. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Sukkur IBA University, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Sukkur IBA University, Sindh, Pakistan. Center for Physical Education Health & Sports Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/relationship-of-democratic-coaching-style-with-character-building-of-studentplayers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Effectiveness of Parenting Styles on Personality Traits of Children at Secondary Level Aqsa Saleem Imran Latif Saifi Sadia Noreen Effectiveness Parenting Style Personality Traits & Secondary Level Parenting style is basically a psychological term that leads us to the approaches that were used by the parents to bring up their childrens in their childhood. The main focus of the study was to explore the effectiveness of parenting styles on the personality of children at the secondary level. Objectives of the study were to explore the effectiveness of parenting styles on the personality of children at the secondary level and to recommend proposed parenting styles for the development of students personality of children at the secondary level. This study followed a mixed method in nature and followed survey design. All the children of class 10 and their parents were the population of the study from the government and private schools of Faisalabad city. It is highly recommended that parents may be provided awareness session to now the importance of their parenting styles and their impact on the personality traits of their children. It is recommended that the government may provide funds and also provide technical facilities. More researches may be conducted on the subject cited above. Curriculum agencies may develop a curriculum on the subject so everybody may have an idea about parenting style also. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effectiveness-of-parenting-styles-on-personality-traits-of-children-at-secondary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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An Evaluative Study of Chemistry Curriculum at Higher Secondary School Level in Pakistan Abdur Rashid Curriculum Evaluation Chemistry The research was conducted to evaluate the National Curriculum of Chemistry for Higher Secondary level in Pakistan. This was a Descriptive and Evaluative study with a special focus on the achievement of objectives set at the National Level. The researcher prepared two questionnaires and served to the sample of curriculum experts and teachers of chemistry. The sample comprising of 50 experts and 400 teachers was selected from all the Provinces and the Districts through multistage random sampling techniques. The tool used was Chi-Square. Analysis of the data led to the findings of the study. The important findings reflected that Experts were satisfied with the alignment of the curriculum with the ideology of Pakistan. However, they were not satisfied with the attainability of objectives within the given timeframe and the process of curriculum development. The teachers expressed their satisfaction with the content but dissatisfaction with the students' evaluation process. On the basis of findings, recommendations were offered, which included the involvement of the teachers in the curriculum development process. Humanity Publications Pakistani Islamic Private School, Al Ain, UAE. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/an-evaluative-study-of-chemistry-curriculum-at-higher-secondary-school-level-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Challenges Faced by Teachers in Teaching through Storytelling and Play-Way Method at Early childhood Education Level Misbah Malik Fasiha Altaf Mehwish Gull Teaching methods storytelling play-way ECE Teachers use several methods to teach children in Early childhood Education classes. Storytelling and play-way methods are employed to teach initial concepts in a conducive and stimulating learning environment. The purpose of this study was to identify the mindfulness, utilization, and challenges faced by ECE teachers while teaching through these methods. The phenomenological design was employed by using a qualitative research approach. The ten ECE schoolteachers were selected as participants, who were teaching to grade one student through the purposive sampling technique. Self-developed semi-structured interviews were carried out, and the data were transcribed into codes and themes. The research revealed that teachers were more aware of the storytelling method than the play way method. They were facing different challenges while using the storytelling and play-way method at the ECE level. It is recommended that resource rooms should be established for the provision of the best opportunities for training to ECE teachers. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/challenges-faced-by-teachers-in-teaching-through-storytelling-and-playway-method-at-early-childhood-education-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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National Educational Policies of Pakistan with reference to Social Justice: A Critical Analysis Abdul Karim Suhag Najmonnisa Khan Policy Practice Discrimination Accessibility Discipline Rights & Responsibilities and Justice Education in society is the only way to excel in a global context, so education should be updated and relevant to the needs of society. Social justice requires ongoing struggle and cannot be separated from the educational policies, theories & practices of professionals, schools, academic disciplines, and governmental. This review study was done to critically analyze the educational policies of Pakistan from 1947 to 2021 that emphasis was laid on free and compulsory education, but we failed to achieve it yet because the sincerity of the goal did not produce results. One of the major purposes of education policies is to ensure social justice in a society. Political unstable circumstances were the main reasons due to educational policies failing. Since independent educational policies were made, they were not fully implemented and failed to achieve objectives & school programs were not completely enforced. Humanity Publications PhD. Scholar, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor/Chairperson, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/national-educational-policies-of-pakistan-with-reference-to-social-justice-a-critical-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Online Oriented Classes: Merits and Demerits of the Point of View of Ghazians at Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan Hafeez Ullah Muhammad Hashim Pear Bakhsh Online Classes Quality Education Quality Development The purpose of this paper is to point out the Merits and Demerits of Ghazians at Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan. Over the past two years, online oriented classes have become an inseparable part of educations. Providing online learning opportunities at the university level is the compulsion of the day. The quality education of online-oriented classes at the University Level is one of the inordinate challenges faced by the students of Ghazi University. Online oriented classes change all mechanisms of teaching and learning at a Higher Level in the educational system. Regular assessing of the online programs is important to enhance the quality of education at University Level. The simple random sampling technique was used to collect data. A total of 362 students from different departments of Ghazi University were involved. As a research device for data collection, the five-point rating scale sample was used. The collected data was analyzed by means of the SPSS. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, University of Education Lahore, D.G Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, University of Education Lahore, D.G Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/online-oriented-classes-merits-and-demerits-of-the-point-of-view-of-ghazians-at-ghazi-university-dera-ghazi-khan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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A Case Study on Pakistani Religious Institutions and their Policies Regarding Social Cohesion Samreen Mehmood Abdul Ghaffar Madeeha Murad Social Cohesion Madrassa Policies The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of madrassa education in building up a religiously cohesive society. The question which this research study addressed was: Do the Madrassa have any ideology/policies regarding social cohesion (open and hidden)? The study was qualitative in nature, an ethnographic case study was conducted to investigate the research problem in order to support and cross verify the results, and content analysis was also conducted of policy statements and relevant courses of all madrasa boards selected as a case. A total number of 5 respondents selected as case; semi-structured Interviews were carried out by Madrassa Policymakers, curriculum designers, and key administrators of Madrassas. Data were analyzed with the five-step process: 1) data managing, 2) coding and developing themes, 3) describing, 4) interpretation, and 5) representation. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, PK, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, PK, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Chitral, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-case-study-on-pakistani-religious-institutions-and-their-policies-regarding-social-cohesion https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).19 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Effect of Mentoring on Career Success, Career Satisfaction and Career Commitment among the Primary School Teachers Faisal Khan Salman Khan Muhammad Faizan Malik Mentoring Career Success Career Satisfaction and Career Commitment Mentoring is an important aspect of any organization which engage employee performance. The main purpose of the study is to examine the effect of mentoring on career success, career satisfaction and career commitment. The Data has been collected in one shot through a questionnaire. Participants included 250 members from various Primary Schools in District Swabi.KP-Pakistan. The result of the study reveals that academic mentoring has a positive effect on faculty members career success, career satisfaction and career commitment. It also examines what and how much is the role of mentoring, career success, career satisfaction and career commitment in driving the performance of employees working specifically in the Swabi area towards a higher level. In last the study shows the recommendations for future researches and implications for individuals, Organizations, Researchers and Policymakers. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, KP, Pakistan. Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-mentoring-on-career-success-career-satisfaction-and-career-commitment-among-the-primary-school-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).20 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Effects of Class Size on Classroom Management: A Study on Elementary Schools Saira Shireen Samreen Mehmood Mehwish Habib Classroom Management Class Size Elementary Schools Education The main aim of this study was to see the relationship between class size and classroom management), Classroom management (CRM) for comparing teaching in overcrowded classes versus small sized classrooms. Primary data were collected from same teachers who had the experience of teaching both overcrowded classes and small sized classes. For overcrowded classes, it was hypothesized that teachers can very effectively maintain discipline in the small-sized classrooms as compared to the overcrowded classes. In case of class room management (CRM), it was hypothesized that overcrowded classes do not allow good class room management compared to small sized classes. Reliability tests were carried out to check consistency of the answers from respondents on all seven variables, in both the overcrowded and small-sized classes. The test chornbachsÂ’ alphas yielded acceptable to very good range. The mean values of variable Classroom management (CRMO) was estimate at 4.04. On the basis of descriptive statistics coupled with One-sample t test, this research concluded that majority of the teachers had found that overcrowded class rooms were not appropriate for Classroom management (CRMS). Considering the conclusions, the study recommends that classes should not be overcrowded to the best possible circumstances. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, City University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Demonstrator, Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effects-of-class-size-on-classroom-management-a-study-on-elementary-schools https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).21 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Analysis of University Students' Generalized Trust on Public Institutions Shahnaz Perveen Hina Kaynat Rabia Latief Generalized Trust Public Institutions Universities Transparency Merit Generalized trust is the most common and natural concept. It plays an important role in society. It depends on the performance of public institutions. Generalized trust in public institutions creates a positive environment in society. The major purpose of the current study was to analyze the generalized trust of university students in public institutions. 600 students were randomly selected as a sample from four public universities of Punjab. The questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaire demonstrated Cronbach Alpha Coefficients of more than .70. Findings revealed that generalized trust of students was higher on the military institution, but overall, students showed distrust in these institutions such as police, parliament. Results also showed that fighting terrorism, corruption, political pressure, poverty, lack of education are major problems faced by public institutions. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, The Government Sadiq College Women University Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/analysis-of-university-students-generalized-trust-on-public-institutions https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).22 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Analysis of ESL Students' Activities during Summer Holidays in Pakistan Muhammad Ibrahim Masood Ahmad Muhammad Latif Javed ESL Students Summer Holidays Activities Education is a continuous process, and students need to focus on their academic activities uninterruptedly throughout the academic calendar to achieve their targets. The current study aims to analyze ESL students' activities during the summer holidays in Pakistan. The target population for the current study was secondary school ESL students from the private sector. Sixteen participants were selected by using a convenient sampling technique. The participants were interviewed for gathering qualitative data. The data were analyzed by using interpretive and data reduction techniques. The findings indicate that the participants take part in different co-curricular and extra-curricular activities during the summer holidays. Some challenges faced by students are also highlighted. Based on the results, some implications for ESL students are suggested. Humanity Publications Associate Professor/Director Colleges Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/analysis-of-esl-students-activities-during-summer-holidays-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).23 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Barriers of Effective Knowledge Transfer: A Case of Quetta District Reham Anjum Saubia Ramzan Nagina Gul Knowledge Transfer Social Interaction Training and Development Information and Communication Technology In all probability, the paramount importance of knowledge transfer for higher learning institutions (HLIs) is incontestable. That said, the workforce serving these institutions draws one's attention to a range of glitches vis-a-vis knowledge transfer activities. This study looks upon social interactions, training and ICT as the possible barriers responsible for impeding the KT activities. The study is based on the premise that poor management of the barriers underscored above would lay an adverse impact on EKT. The drawn sample size from the given population is 315 subjects. The employed research technique is cross-sectional research, and, in this setting, the cross-sectional explanatory sequential design was considered relevant. The data analysis was carried out using Correlation and multiple linear regression techniques. The findings of quantitative and qualitative result manifest that the selected variables do not stymie the knowledge transfer practices, which is in conflict with the speculation of the study in question. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Dean, Faculty of Management Sciences, Business and IT, University of Balochistan Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Faculty of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering & Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakist 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/barriers-of-effective-knowledge-transfer-a-case-of-quetta-district https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).24 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Cultural Limitations Inhibiting Female Athletes in Sports Participation at College Level in District Sialkot Pakistan Mehwish Manzoor Irfan Ullah Muhammad Asghar Khan Cultural Limitations Female Athletes Sports Participation The aim of the study was to investigate the Cultural limitations inhibiting female athletes in sports participation at the college level in district Sialkot, Pakistan. For this very purpose, the population of the present study consisted of 867 female athletes who were FA, FSc students. A simple random sampling technique was used, and 20% of the total population was taken as a sample. A close-ended questionnaire was formulated and designed to analyze existing phenomena. The questionnaire was distributed among the athletes. The ratio of the returned questionnaire was 88.93 per cent. Descriptive statistical tools (mean and stander deviation) and inferential statistical tools (ANOVA and t-test) were used to analyze the collected data. The researcher concluded that there is a significant impact of Cultural limitations upon inhibiting female athlete in sports participation at the college level. It was recommended that the government might arrange sports tournament at all educational level, and parents may be present during sports competition. The special budget may be allocated for sports to female colleges. The achievement of any college in any sports arena may be awarded money and incentives for encouragement in sports participation Humanity Publications Visiting Lecturer, Department of Physical Education, University of Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan. Assisstant Professor, Department of Higher Education Commission Peshawer, KP, Pakistan. Instructor Physical Education, Department of Physicial Education, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/cultural-limitations-inhibiting-female-athletes-in-sports-participation-at-college-level-in-district-sialkot-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).25 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Job demands, Emotional Exhaustion and Ill Health among Academicians Faisal Khan Muhammad Sufyan Muhammad Faizan Malik Job Demands Emotional Exhaustion Ill Health OLDI Inventory Academicians Job demands in the working environment contain motivation that requires energy and reduced health problems. The purpose of the current study has to examine the effect between demands, emotional exhaustion and ill health among academicians. The adapted questionnaires have been distributed among 215 public sector universities academicians. For the investigation, the Job Demand Resources (JD-R) model has been used. By using the regression model, the findings of the study concluded that demands like workload and role conflict have a significant effect on emotional exhaustion and ill health, which requires extra effort to accomplish the job as well as organizational goals. The current study will contribute to Job Demands Resources theory as well as recommendations for future research studies. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, Anbar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Management Sciences, University of Swabi, Anbar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Studies and Leadership, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/job-demands-emotional-exhaustion-and-ill-health-among-academicians https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).26 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Study Habits of Allama Iqbal Open University Learners during COVID-19: Advantages and Dis-Advantages Aqsa Saleem Shafaq Arif Muhammad Shahid Tufail Study Habits Learners Covid-19 Advantages Dis-Advantages Due to COVID-19, the shutdown of learning organizations, the main experiment with the teachers and universities and students was engaged in virtual learning. This study will deliberate to analyze the study habits of postgraduate learners of Allama Iqbal Open University, Pakistan. Learners who are enrolled in Allama Iqbal Open University (both genders) from rural and urban areas were the study population. A questionnaire was the primary source of data collection. It was concluded that learners study daily, they attend workshops regularly via online means, and solve all the assignments by him. The study aimed to find out the berries to online learning. The education findings suggest beneficial awareness of students approval of available education and creating a more speaking, systematized, and the creative average for upcoming education. It is recommended that students may guide to improve their study habits, and different strategies may be developed to assess the learners who spent time analyzing their study habits. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar (Education), University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Lahore Business School, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Lyallpur Business School, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/study-habits-of-allama-iqbal-open-university-learners-during-covid19-advantages-and-disadvantages https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).27 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Reasons for being Out of School: Implications for Education Policy Farzana Yousaf Kiran Shehzadi Zahida Parveen Out of School Implications Education Policy Thematic Analysis Focus Group Social Media (FaceBook) Out of school children (output) spring from the experiences, beliefs, interests, and attitudes towards events and processes leading to out of school (process) that develop from different reasons (Input). Focus group discussions were conducted with eight children and their seven parents. Secondly, views from social media (Face book) were collected to strengthen their voices. The thematic analysis of the data highlighted many reasons for being out of school using codes, themes and subthemes. Diagramatic view of results was drawn with the help of NVivo 11 plus. Some of the reasons such as poverty, school environment, house chores, parents' behavior, teachers' teaching styles, curriculum, language barriers, the literacy rate in that area, and gender issues have direct implications for education policy. Efforts, therefore, were made to identify the required changes in the education policy. A strategic plan to overcome these barriers was defined at the end for the reduction of the number of school children. Humanity Publications Lecturer, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/reasons-for-being-out-of-school-implications-for-education-policy https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).28 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Challenges Faced by Language Learning Disabilities Primary Students in Learning English as Second Language Fareeha Javed Yameena Batool Sana Baig Language Learning Disabilities ESL Learning Primary School Students Receptive Language Productive Language Pakistan This paper reports on a study carried out to explore challenges faced by primary level Language Learning Disabilities (LDs) students in learning English as a Second Language (ESL) in Pakistan. The data was collected through a quantitative (close-ended) questionnaire filled in by 100 and a qualitative (open-ended) questionnaire filled by 10 Primary English language teachers in Pakistan. The findings revealed that language LDs hinder the development of literacy and oral skills of primary ESL learners. The study concluded that in order to improve the English language learning of students with language LDs, there is a need to assure the provision of teacher training facilities, application of sensorial activities, and establishment of good rapport between the teaching staff, school administration and parents of students with language LDs. Humanity Publications Head of TESOL Department, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MS Student, Department of TESOL, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of TESOL, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/challenges-faced-by-language-learning-disabilities-primary-students-in-learning-english-as-second-language https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).29 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Prevalence of Reproductive Disorders in Sportswomen Iqra Khadim Yasmeen Tabassum Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Butt Eumenorrhea Ovulation Gonadal Sex Steroid Hormones Menarche Sport pertains to any form of competitive physical activity or game that aims to use, maintain or improve physical ability. In women, the reproductive system is used to produce eggs (ova) to be fertilized and to provide the space along with conditions to allow a baby to develop. The present study aimed to examine the prevalence of reproductive disorders in sportswomen. One hundred sportswomen with an age range between 18-25 (mean age= 23.7± 2.05) of various games and events like volleyball, athletics, swimming, shot put, hockey, handball, tennis, football, cricket and boxing were selected as a sample size from the Women Sports Department, University of the Punjab, Lahore. The findings of this study expressed that 46% of players were suffering from various gynaecological disorders after they participated in sports, whereas 54% of respondents were having normal functioning of their reproductive cycle. In conclusion, moderate physical activity and regular exercise can improve the reproductive health of female but heavy and strenuous exercise without appropriate rest is one of those factors which may endanger the normal functioning of the female reproductive cycle. Humanity Publications MSc, Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Chairman, Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/prevalence-of-reproductive-disorders-in-sportswomen https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).30 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Global Citizenship Education in Pakistan: Awareness, Attitude and Challenges Tahira Saddiqa Muhammad Nadeem Anwar Asma Khizar Global Citizenship Education Teacher Educators Awareness Attitude Challenges This study was attempted to analyze teacher's awareness, attitude and challenges in implementing Global Citizenship Education in Pakistan. A questionnaire was constructed and filled by teachers of ten public sector universities of Punjab. Perceptions of two hundred and thirty-five teachers were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings were highlighting that teachers showed a low level of awareness towards global citizenship education; however positive attitude towards global citizenship education was counted. Implementation of GCE is essential in order to prepare a civilized generation. However, there are some challenges teachers have encountered in implementing Global Citizenship Education in higher education institutions, such as inadequate environment, no provision in education police to teach it as a subject and lack of training regarding GCE. In order to promote GCE in Pakistan, the government may adopt the Canadian/USA/Australian or England roadmap or may use material and support provided by Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency (QCA) for executing GCE. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, University of the Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/global-citizenship-education-in-pakistan-awareness-attitude-and-challenges https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).31 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Neoliberal Approach in a Developing Country: Blow in a Silent Trumpet Mamoona Riasat Muhammad Shahid Farooq Neoliberalism Quality Education Higher Education Quality Initiatives Quality Agencies Academic capitalism invading higher education is considered alarming in literature. This research aims to bring about the factual picture of the neoliberal approach adopted by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) within its delimitations. The research was deductive in nature and followed a Phenomenology research design. The sample comprised thirty-two (32) participants. Data were collected through interviews and document analysis. Thematic analysis technique was used to identify Seventeen (17) sub-themes and Four (4) major themes. The research concludes that the neoliberal approach is adapted by HEC considering its need of the hour for the development of research. Yet, it is not much appreciated by the administrative and academic heads. The reason remains the nonproductive check and balance process and weak feedback loop. Leadership trainings may be conducted to emphasize the importance of higher education as a philosophy of life, not as a commodity of life, to blend social justice with market ideologies. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/neoliberal-approach-in-a-developing-country-blow-in-a-silent-trumpet https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).32 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Factors Influencing the Successful Curriculum Implementation in Secondary Schools of Punjab Sajida Mukhtar Abdul Hameed Seema Arif Leadership Styles Resonant & Dissonant Leadership Styles Strategies Traditional Teaching and Progressive Teaching The role of the principal has been explored through using Goleman's leadership styles and leadership strategies in curriculum implementation. However, there are certainly other factors as well which influence successful curriculum implementation, such as teaching characteristics and provision of facilities. The data was collected from 600 teachers and 36 headteachers across Punjab using multistage sampling. The data were organized and recorded with SPSS 21. Descriptive and inferential analysis was used to determine the interactive effect of factors (leadership styles, teaching characteristics, and leadership strategies) in curriculum implementation. The results indicate that both dissonant and resonant leaders achieve their objectives in different ways. Resonant leaders adopt more visionary and coaching style to be successful with progressive teachers; whereas, dissonant leaders use the more commanding style with traditional teachers. Content analysis has been used to analyze structured interviews with headteachers; comparison between the responses of teachers and school principals helped us to identify gaps in leadership and successful implementation of the curriculum. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Adjunct Professor, School of Social Sciences and Humanities (Department of Education), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, School of Social Sciences and Humanities (Department of Education), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/factors-influencing-the-successful-curriculum-implementation-in-secondary-schools-of-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).33 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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E-Learning Resources for Effective Teaching Learning Practices at University Level during COVID-19 Rashid Minas Wattoo Navid Jamil Malik Muhammad Asif Shahzad Effective Teaching ICT University Level The frequent use of E-learning resources in academia has dramatically altered the role of pedagogical practices and their effectiveness. The below are the aims: 1) to find out E-learning resources at the university level 2) To explore teachers' perceptions about E-learning resources for effective teaching-learning practices. The study population consisted of teachers from universities in the districts of Okara, Sahiwal and Vehari. The researchers also selected 200 university teachers using simple random sampling methods. In order to collect information, a questionnaire was used. The study's results are taken into consideration, and it is clear that ICT services play a part in successful university education. The department offers educational support through the internet. According to the results, the teaching productivity of university professors using ICT technology such as digital, YouTube and social media during lectures is increasing. ICT facilitates the gathering and sharing of ideas by transforming teachers into effective communicators. Humanity Publications Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Head, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Education, Visiting Faculty, University of Education, Vehari Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/elearning-resources-for-effective-teaching-learning-practices-at-university-level-during-covid19 https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).34 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Fasting on Students' Exam Preparation at University Level Imran Latif Saifi Aqsa Saleem Rubab Batool Impact Fasting & Exam Preparation Fasting is included in the five pillars of Islam and obligatory when a child becomes an adult (have approximately 15 years of age). Examination preparation is the process or acts to prepare oneself for taking part in an examination. The study explored students' beliefs regarding Fasting in Ramadan towards exam preparation at the university level. This study was designed to explore students' beliefs regarding Fasting in Ramadan towards exam preparation at the university level. A quantitative method was used in this study; a survey was adopted to complete the study. Students studying in different programs of BS, M.Phil and PhD of The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB) were the population of the study. 125 students (25 from each department) were selected conveniently. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect data from randomly selected respondents, which was consisted of 12 statements. It was recommended that Students might keep fast in Ramadan even they have an exam as they may be able to learn their fasting in Ramadan has a positive impact as results in the semester during Ramadan is better than the previous result of the respondents. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-fasting-on-students-exam-preparation-at-university-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).35 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Analyzing Factors Affecting Social-Emotional Competence at Secondary Level Sumera Kulsoom Irshad Hussain Social-Emotional Competence Secondary Level The study analyzed the factors affecting social-emotional competence (SEC) at the secondary level. A stratified random sampling technique was used. 382 students were taken as a sample after using desired sample size table. Two research tools were used, the Factors affecting social, emotional competence questionnaire and the Social-Emotional Competence Questionnaire (SECQ). Data were analyzed by using mean, percentage and standard deviation. Results indicated that friends response, classroom environment and home environment affects SEC the most as compared to media interaction. It was concluded that self-consciousness, social consciousness and the factor decisiveness were possessed by the students the most. And the factor self-regulation was possessed by the students the least. The skills in which the students were weak included calming down, dealing with wrong things and skill of staying positive during crises. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/analyzing-factors-affecting-socialemotional-competence-at-secondary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).36 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Cyberbullying Behavior on the Self-Esteem among Secondary and Higher Secondary School Students in Punjab, Pakistan Fouzia Perveen Asghar Ali Muhammad Ramzan Cyberbullying Cyber Victimization Cyberbully Typologies Self-Esteem Students The internet users are more than four billion globally. The fast advancement in electronic technology caused an unpredictable variation in the development of students. The use of the internet has become the backbone of education and communication. The current study sets out to measure the impact of cyberbullying on the selfesteem among secondary and higher secondary school students in nine districts of Punjab, Pakistan were selected. The total sample size comprised of 3236 (1614 male 1622 female) students, and their ages were 13-19 years, recruited through conveniently sampling. Two questionnaires were employed in the present research for the purpose of data collection; Cyberbullying Scale and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The data were analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 23.0). The quantitative results revealed that cyberbullying was significantly (p < .01) positively correlated with self-esteem. Further, linear regression results showed that cyberbullying was a significant impact on self-esteem. Results also showed the comparison between male and female samples for cyberbullying on the self-esteem, and results of the comparison showed that the mean of cyberbullying was selfesteem was significantly higher among female students than male respondents. The limitations of the results are discussed. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-cyberbullying-behavior-on-the-selfesteem-among-secondary-and-higher-secondary-school-students-in-punjab-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).37 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Child Sexual Abuse In and Out of Schools in Pakistan. How the Government must Respond Preemptively Ayaz Ali Shah Shaista Gauhar Adnan Khan Child Sexual Abuse School-Based Programs Teachers Students Parents This paper is about the issue of child sexual abuse in Pakistan in and out of schools and how a schoolbased preventive program can help contain this problem in the longer run. As the issue has taken a more serious turn in recent years, with the number of victims rising sharply every year, the government is advised to adopt a preemptive approach and devise comprehensive school-based programs. For this purpose, lessons may be learnt from the US being a country that first launched child protection programs in schools. This article first talks in detail about the issue of child sexual abuse and makes certain recommendations as to how to deal with it in the longer run. In the course of this article, secondary sources of data were consulted. Books, articles and newspaper stories and other collectable materials were consulted to have a better understanding of the issue and how to address it effectively. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Government Degree College, Khair Abad, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/child-sexual-abuse-in-and-out-of-schools-in-pakistan-how-the-government-must-respond-preemptively https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).38 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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E-Bullying: A Threat for University Students' Social Life Najam ul Kashif Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Muhammad Qasim Ali E-bullying University Students and Social Life Students are vital to the growth of society and nations. Universities prepare students for the real world. The study examines the threat of e-bullying to university students' social lives. The study's goal was to discover how college students perceive and use e-bullying in their daily lives. It was a descriptive study. In this survey, students from two public universities in Southern Punjab were included. The study sample was obtained by a multi-stage sampling method, and data was collected from a sample of 200 university students. A self-developed questionnaire was used to collect data from the study sample. Personal visits collected the data. The data was examined as a percentage. According to the survey, university students have more online friends than "real world" pals because they find it more manageable. The results suggest that university students want to establish a more social and polite online world. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/ebullying-a-threat-for-university-students-social-life https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).39 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Jigsaw Method of Cooperative Learning in the Subject of Science at Elementary Level Zafar Iqbal Khalid Rashid Jigsaw Technique Cooperative Learning Intervention Regression Analysis The study was experimental, with a pre-test and post-test control group design, to determine the impact of the jigsaw technique on cooperative learning for science subjects at the elementary level. The population consisted of students from class 8 at Musa Kalan Government High School in the district of M B Din. Those who participated in the performance became members of both the traditional and experimental groups, with the experimental group receiving the same marks as the traditional group. Students were subjected to a post-test after the month-long course. Using the mean, standard deviation, and t-test regression analysis, we compared the scores from the pre-test and post-test. The most significant findings were that students exposed to the Jigsaw technique performed significantly better than those exposed to the traditional teaching method. The results demonstrated that the Jigsaw technique outperformed those who thought they were learning through a traditional teaching method. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-jigsaw-method-of-cooperative-learning-in-the-subject-of-science-at-elementary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).40 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Analyzing Grammatical Errors: A Case Study of Virtual University of Pakistan Rana Imran Ali Muhammad Imran Muhammad Waris Shahzad Grammatical Errors Virtual University Graded Discussion Board (GDB) L1 L2 The current study investigated an overview of the grammatical errors committed by the students of Virtual University of Pakistan (VoU) particularly in the English courses. These students were mainly from the computer science and management sciences programs. However, the learners fail to concentrate on the grammatical errors, which are the important part of their writing skills. The researchers selected a stratified random sample of ninety-nine students through the random number technique by using T-Yamani's method of selecting a sample for descriptive cum statistical analysis from online creative writings in thousands of Graded Discussion Board (GDB). These GDBs are part of the internal exams system of VoU. The study points out the most common grammatical errors committed by the graduate and post-graduate students of the Virtual University of Pakistan and suggests some remedial measures to correct those errors. Moreover, the research also provides facilitation for the teachers and students for further research in this area. Humanity Publications Faculty of English, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. School of Foreign Languages, Shanghai University, China. Faculty of English, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/analyzing-grammatical-errors-a-case-study-of-virtual-university-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).41 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Effect of Job Stressors on Job Performance of Lecturer Physical Education: Mediating Role of Coping Mechanism (Relaxation Coping) Muhammad Nisar Ul Haq Muhammad Asghar Khan Samreen Mehmood Job Stressors Job Performance Relaxation Coping. Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of job stressors on job performance with the mediating role of coping mechanism. The finite population of the study comprised of 73 female and 97male physical education lecturers serving in government colleges of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Three different types of self-administered cum close-ended questionnaires such as Job Stressors, Job Performance and Coping Mechanism were used for the data collection. Face and content validity were done from the export in the relevant field. To assess the feasibility of the tool; the researcher conducted a small scale preliminary study, i.e. a pilot study with 25 lecturers physical education (13 male and 12 female), the subgroup of the intended population. Mean, stander deviation, multiple regressions and Pearson's correlation coefficient used to test the hypotheses. The process v3.3 by Andrew F. Hayes was used for mediation. Results of the existing study highlighted that there are a positive and significant relationship and effect among job stressors, job performance and relaxation coping (r= .662; 939 & p=.000 < .01). Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Development, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Instructor Physical Education, Elementary & Secondary Education Department, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-job-stressors-on-job-performance-of-lecturer-physical-education-mediating-role-of-coping-mechanism-relaxation-coping https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Assessment of Student's Academic Achievement by Flipped Classroom Model and Traditional Lecture Method Saira Fouzia Ajmal Muhammad Hafeez Academic Achievement Flipped Classroom Model Psychology SPSS Traditional Lecture Method Abstract: In recent years, a new learning approach called "Flipped classrooms model" has been stated as an effective way of learning. In this study, a statistical approach for the comparison of traditional lecture method and Flipped classrooms model has been performed for the academic performance of students in 6th and 7th semesters in the subject of Psychology. The study comprised of two semesters (32 weeks). The students in the 6th semester learned by traditional lecture method while in the 7th semester, students used the Flipped classroom model. The students and subject were the same in both the semesters. The statistical analysis showed that 7th semesters students learned by "Flipped classrooms model" achieved better academic performance than the 6th-semester students learned by traditional lecture method. The t-test analysis showed that the students learned by Flipped classroom model have effect size 3% more than academic achievements of students learned by traditional lecture method. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Research Scholar, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/assessment-of-students-academic-achievement-by-flipped-classroom-model-and-traditional-lecture-method https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Exploration of Distance Learners' Nature of Locus of Control: Qualitative Analysis Naila Naseer Shamsa Kanwal Zahida Habib Internal Locus of Control External Locus of Control Distance Learners Distance education is a dynamic field and students belonging to this mode of education encompass several psychological characteristics, i.e., self-concept, locus of control etc. this study was conducted to analyze the nature of locus of control of distance learners. This study had a population of distance learners from distance learning universities in Pakistan. Sample of 76 students was taken out by a random sampling technique. The selfdeveloped interview guide was developed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted through audio recording. Thematic analysis was done for data analysis. Major themes and codes revealed that distance learners exhibit an internal locus of control. It was recommended that LOC might be considered by teachers, administrators, and educational planners as an alternative variable that can influence the academic achievement of the students. Humanity Publications Lecturer Distance, Non-formal and Continuing Education Department, AIOU, Islamabad, Pakistan. Field Coordinator, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, University of Education, Township, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploration-of-distance-learners-nature-of-locus-of-control-qualitative-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Gender Comparison on Teaching Practices of One Teacher Schools Mona Rafiq Naveed Sultana Education instructional multi grade phenomenological qualitative one-teacher schools. Primary schools in rural areas of Pakistan have been opened at very short distance firstly due to small geographical boundaries of the villages and secondly to improve the enrollment of students. The small population in villages resulted in low enrollment of the students. According to rationalization policy of Government of Pakistan, the student-teacher ratio is 35:1; therefore, student strength of schools in rural areas hardly reaches 40; hence, a single teacher is allocated, and students in a school from Zero grade to 5th grade sit together in either one room or two and are taught by mostly one or two teachers concurrently This qualitative study was conducted in rural primary schools for girls and boys to explore lived experiences of male and female teachers in One Teacher Schools/multi-grade and to find out differences in teaching on the gender-disaggregated basis. The management of multi grades single-handedly is the toughest job. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Teacher Education, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Chairperson, Department of Education, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/gender-comparison-on-teaching-practices-of-one-teacher-schools https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Mother Tongue as Medium of Instruction for Effective Communication and Science Learning at Elementary Level Khushnuma Farkhunda Rasheed Choudhary Rukhsana Durrani Application Comprehension Knowledge The medium of instruction. In most of the developed countries, science is being taught in the native language. However, the situation is not the same in other countries. This quasi-experimental study was designed to find the effect of communication using native language on student's learning of science subject at the elementary level. The sample of the study consisted of 50 Pushto speaking female students of Swabi KPK, Pakistan. The results of the study indicated that in the post-test, scores of the experimental and control groups were significantly different. The study concluded that in fostering student's science learning, teaching science through mother tongue is found effective at the elementary level as it enables students to communicate with teachers and other fellow students and enables them to discuss ideas, experiences, and problems faced during the learning process. It is suggested that this investigation should be repeated in other districts where pupils do not perform well in other science subjects. Humanity Publications Primary School Teacher, Elementary and Secondary Education, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Faculty of Education, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/mother-tongue-as-medium-of-instruction-for-effective-communication-and-science-learning-at-elementary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Digital Media and Smart Education in Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects for the Teachers in the Age of E-Learning Azam Jan Irem Sultana Malik Adnan Digital Media Smart Education Teacher Information & Communication Technology and E-Learning In the current shift from traditional teaching to a technology-driven scenario, it has to turn out to be a challenge for the teacher to have room for e-learning in the teaching process. Information-Communication Technology is a central part of our daily routine life, except it is still ongoing course to find an improved position in schools and higher education, while large no of teachers still is not up to date with information flooded and technology outburst; however, they are ready to settle in it. Objectives of this paper are to illustrate the responsibility of a teacher and the significance of e-learning in the current scenario COVID19. It highlights the challenges faced by teaching staff in Pakistan to apply e-learning and makes an attempt to propose diverse solutions to the awareness, implementation and compatibility with regard to the e-learning solutions by the teachers in their teaching-learning processes. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Communication and Media Studies, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/digital-media-and-smart-education-in-pakistan-challenges-and-prospects-for-the-teachers-in-the-age-of-elearning https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-IV).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Teachers' Perceptions about Standards fixed by the National Accreditation Council for Teachers' Education (NACTE): A Case Study Muhammad Ashraf Khurram Pervaiz Ali Mahesar Ghulam Ali Kerio Teachers' Perception and NACTE Standards. The purpose of this qualitative study was to discover the opinions of the faculty of the education department in one of the public sector universities in Karachi Sindh about the quality assurance and accreditation process developed by one of the HEC's subunit NACTE and their readiness to initiate this process in their respective department. A mixed item questionnaire comprising close and open-ended questions was used to collect data from 16 faculty members teaching in the education department of the university. The faculty members serving at various positions were purposively selected for the study. Triangulation was attained using analysis of the collected data, document analysis of NACTE manuals, and HEC directives. The study concluded that the faculty of the education department lack awareness about the quality assurance and accreditation process, lack preparedness in many aspects for the achievement of national accreditation but they demonstrated interest in learning about the accreditation process. It is recommended that the National Accreditation Council for Teacher Education must new goals, including awareness of training sessions for the faculty of education, so they understand its importance and outcomes. Humanity Publications Professor/ Ex Dean, Faculty of Education, FUUAST, Karachi, Sindh. Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Teachers' Education, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/teachers-perceptions-about-standards-fixed-by-the-national-accreditation-council-for-teachers-education-nacte-a-case-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-IV).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Challenging Illiteracy: A Human Capital Approach Javed Mahmood Malik Girl's literacy Pakistan Family and outside Family Factors The Rural Literacy Income of the household The performance of the Punjab Province of Pakistan in girl's literacy has been like a leader in Pakistan. But inside Punjab Rawalpindi Division is an example for others. This study analyzes the factors behind this high performance. Personal, inside family and outside family factors have been focused on. The findings show that, amongst the personal factors, elderly people are less literate. Amongst the outside factors, the urban/rural categorization plays an important role, but quite interestingly the rural literacy rate is higher. Out of inside family factors, the unmarried girls, than boys, influence literacy. The 'Income of the household' factor has been non-influential on literacy. The presence of working individuals negatively influences household literacy. The family size is negatively related to literacy rate. A literate household head has a positive effect on literacy of his/her family. Humanity Publications PhD Economics, School of Economics, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/challenging-illiteracy-a-human-capital-approach https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-IV).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Science Learning Through Interactive Teaching Method: An Experimental Study Sajid Ali Yousuf Zai Fouzia Ajmal Saira Nudrat Interactive Teaching Science Experiment Study An experimental study was conducted to find the impact of interactive teaching method on science learning. 70 students from seventh grade were selected to participate in this study. A control group with 35 randomly assigned students was taught by the traditional lecture method, and an experimental group with another 35 students was taught by an interactive teaching method. A pre-test was conducted prior to implementing the intervention to measure the baseline score, while a post-test was administered to measure the impact of the intervention. An ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) was used to find the significant difference in science achievement score of students between the traditional teaching method and interactive teaching method after controlling the effect of pretest scores. There was a significant difference in students' science achievement score between students in the traditional teaching group and students in the interactive teaching group, F(2, 67) = 153.47, p <.001n 2 = .82. It was concluded that the interactive teaching method significantly improves student science learning. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/science-learning-through-interactive-teaching-method-an-experimental-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-IV).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Developing Critical Thinking Among Inter-Level Students of Bannu Through Dialogic Pedagogy Ihsan Ullah Khan Abdul Hamid Khan Abdul Karim Khan Critical Thinking Dialogism Dialogic Teaching Experimental Study Paired Sample T-Test The aim of the study is to explore the role of dialogic teaching, based on Bakhtin's concept of 'Dialogism', in developing critical thinking among students of intermediate level in District Bannu. The experimental research design was used in the study. Data was collected from the pre and post-tests of an experimental study, which was carried out on the 12th grade class of a public sector college. For this purpose, a pretest-posttest control group design was selected. In this design, the control group and treatment group were administered pre and posttests, but treatment was provided to the treatment group only. The test was designed to assess the critical thinking of the treatment group. The data from an experimental study was analyzed through paired sample t-test. The mean value of the difference between post-test and pretest of the treatment group is 7.16129, which indicates that the performance of the treatment group improved significantly, proving the positive role of dialogic teaching. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor; Department of English and Applied Linguistics, University of Science and Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Head, Department of Linguistics and Literature, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor; Department of English and Applied Linguistics, University of Science and Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/developing-critical-thinking-among-interlevel-students-of-bannu-through-dialogic-pedagogy https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-IV).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Child Labour Efforts Success or Failure and their Implications for a Country Like Pakistan Rifat Jahan Khalid Rashid Child Labor Initiatives Collaboration Implications Efforts Child labor existence dates back to the history of mankind; it took various forms and instances over the twitch of time. The worst-hit are the African peninsula and underdeveloped countries of the world, especially South Asia. At the micro-level, Pakistan, India, Iran, Bangladesh are the worst affected. The government of these countries have taken certain initiatives since the malice of child labor is associated with multiple factors, so the success rate is not satisfactory to the level aspired. These initiatives have been taken up in collaboration with ILO, UNESCO, UNICEF, OECD, which managed to develop the bodies at provincial and further lower levers but want of coordination lack of zeal and capacity didn't make the projects a real success. A project in the name of Combating Abusive Child Labour II has been taken up to know the success or otherwise of it. It is a qualitative study based on reports and documentary analysis. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/child-labour-efforts-success-or-failure-and-their-implications-for-a-country-like-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-IV).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Well-Being of Secondary School Teachers Muhammad Akram Farrukh Munir Misbah Gilani Emotional Intelligence; Psychological Well-Being; Emotionality; Sociability Autonomy This study was designed to measure the relationship between emotional intelligence and the psychological well-being of secondary school teachers. This correlational study used a multistage random sampling technique to select 1200 teachers from 20 boys and 20 girls' high schools in district Lahore. The emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (?=.86) and Psychological Well-Being Scale (?=.89) were adapted as tools for data collection. The results showed that emotional intelligence and psychological well-being were strongly correlated with each other. Factor wise descriptive statistics of emotional intelligence showed that teachers were almost completely agreed with their students while teaching. Descriptive statistics of the psychological well-being of teachers showed that they were almost completely agreed while dealing with stakeholders. Female teachers demonstrated a higher score than male in emotional intelligence and psychological well-being. Married teachers demonstrated a higher score in emotional intelligence and psychological well-being. It was recommended that male and unmarried teachers be motivated to improve emotions and well-being. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Pakistan Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2020-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/relationship-between-emotional-intelligence-and-psychological-wellbeing-of-secondary-school-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-IV).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Comparison of Principals' Instructional Leadership Style for Quality Learning between Public and Private Schools Muhammad Iqbal Farrukh Munir Fatima Nawaz Instructional Leadership Quality Education School Heads Motivator This research was designed to compare the instructional leadership style of public and private school heads for quality learning. The research was descriptive in nature, and the mixed methods approach was used to conduct this study. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire and an interview from a sample was 200 teachers and 20 school heads, respectively. It was concluded that the instructional leadership styles of both public and private school heads played a positive role in promoting a healthy learning culture among teachers and students. Some of the key responsibilities of school heads are to work as curriculum manager, effective planner, motivator and promoter of quality education. The findings of this may be helpful to the educational planners and school heads to have a clear understanding of the actions to be taken for improving the quality of education. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Education & Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/comparison-of-principals-instructional-leadership-style-for-quality-learning-between-public-and-private-schools https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Exploring Functions of Translanguaging in Intermediate Students' Interactions in Science Classroom Anjili Parkash Somal Rani Hassan Syed Translanguaging Medium of Instruction Science Education Teacher Education Language Policy Research has shown that students' translanguaging serves various task- and non-task related functions. While research into translanguaging has attracted considerable attention in a western context, there is a dearth of studies examining translanguaging in a science classroom in Pakistan. The current study, therefore, explored the functions of students' translanguaging practices in an intermediate science classroom in Pakistan. Employing a case study design, the data was obtained from three intermediate students attending science class for over five weeks using structured classroom observations, audio recordings, and reflective journals and semistructured interviews. Results of the study showed that participants employed translanguaging in both taskreferring and non-task referring functions. The study also confirmed the benefits of translanguaging in helping participants to learn content in the science classroom. Implications for science teachers, teacher educators and policymakers have also been discussed. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-functions-of-translanguaging-in-intermediate-students-interactions-in-science-classroom https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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English Language Teachers' Attitudes towards Instructional Policy in Public Secondary Schools: An Interview Study Hafiza Asma Muazzam Yaar Muhammad Hadiya Naseer Attitude Discussion Method Role-Play Method Investigation Method Cooperative Learning Project Method Presentation Method The purpose of this study was to explore secondary school English teachers' attitudes towards English language instructional policy as given in the official English language curriculum documents. This study intended to understand teachers' attitudes by exploring their beliefs, feelings, and practices constituting their attitudes. This study used a qualitative semi-structured interview research design, and a purposive sampling technique was used to recruit 15 secondary English language teachers from different public schools of Lahore, having at least three years of experience. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data. The analysis of the data revealed a gap between teachers' beliefs, feelings, and practices. Teachers believed that all proposed methods worth using, and they felt that the methods were beneficial for teaching English at the secondary level. However, the situation was quite different concerning practices. Discussion and cooperative learning strategies were the most preferred methods to use besides the lecture method at the secondary level. Teachers also described the factors which hinder the use of all policy recommended methods. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/english-language-teachers-attitudes-towards-instructional-policy-in-public-secondary-schools-an-interview-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Among Hearing Impaired Children Shahida Tufail Akhtar Ali Muhammad Javed ADHD Hearing Impaired Children Impulsivity Hyperactivity Inattention Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychological disorder. Current study focused on identifying ADHD among Hearing Impaired Disorder (HIC) and measuring its impact upon academic achievements of HIC. The study also found out the relationship of ADHD with degree of hearing loss. The target population of the study was all Government institutions of special education for HIC of Southern Punjab. 701 students and 292 parents of HIC participated in the study. Data collection tool was adopted from Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM-5) of Mental Disorder (Fifth Edition). One way ANOVA was applied to analyze collected data. ADHD (predominant impulsivity) was found 48% and ADHD (predominant inattention) was recorded 29%. Degree of hearing loss has no relation with ADHD. The ratio of ADHD was found high in males as compared to females HIC. Screening services, skilled staff and proper guidance to parents was recommended to deal students with ADHD. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Dean, Department of Education, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-attention-deficit-hyperactive-disorder-among-hearing-impaired-children https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Representing Muslims: A Postcolonial Study of Mohammed Hanif's Red Birds Muhammad Tahir Anjum Shahab Rehman Abdus Samad Muslims Native Informer Postcolonialism Representation This research study highlights the role of Mohammed Hanif as a native informer in representing his own culture and religion, Islam, in his novel, Red Birds (2018). Edward Said's postcolonial theory, as presented in Orientalism (1979) and Covering Islam (1997), is applied as a tool to analyze the novel textually and contextually. The research methodology is inductive and exploratory. According to Said (1979), political knowledge may influence a state's policies about a region, as is evident in Red Birds. Hanif (2018) uses Major Ellie and Momo in the novel as his mouthpieces in depicting and representing Muslims as backwards and savages. This approach of Hanif's (2018) towards Muslims serves the narrative of the Neo-Orientalists. As Dabashi (2011), argues that Neo-Orientalists have historically used diaspora authors for their purposes. Hanif, as a native informer, has misrepresented Islam in Red Birds (2018). Hanif (2018) portrays Islam as an outdated religion. The modern world need not propagate any religion or culture negatively. Instead, we need flexibility and acceptance for peaceful co-existence. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of English, Kohat University of Science & Technology, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of English, Kohat University of Science & Technology, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor/Chairman, Department of English, Kohat University of Science & Technology, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/representing-muslims-a-postcolonial-study-of-mohammed-hanifs-red-birds https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Comparison of Self-Efficacy beliefs of Urdu and English Teachers on the Basis of Job Designation Muhammad Arshad Rashid Minas Namra Munir Self-Efficacy Beliefs Mod of Teaching The decision of the Punjab Government to change teaching methods from Urdu to English has disturbed the students. They displayed less faith in their capacities and encountered difficulties adapting to the new world and providing students with education effectively. The thesis aims to examine schoolteachers self-efficacy and compare them based on career designation, i.e. PST, EST, SST or other. The sample of teachers who taught Urdu or English to Grade 1 to 10. The survey method used to collect data, and the multi-stage random sample method was stratified. Consequently, 452 taught English and 412 Urdu selected randomly from primary, elementary and secondary schools. The study concluded that Urdu teachers had a higher degree of automatic effectiveness than English teachers did on the total TSES scores and three instrument subscales. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Vehari Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/comparison-of-selfefficacy-beliefs-of-urdu-and-english-teachers-on-the-basis-of-job-designation https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Education and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis of India and Sri Lanka Muhammad Qasim Ali Tariq Hussain Khizra Rana GDP Growth Primary Education and Tertiary Education Education is a fundamental foundation in the development of a nation. History reveals that success, honor and dignity become the pride of those nations who lead in education in the world. This study elaborates on the role of education in India and Sri Lanka's economic growth. Growth is 1981-2016. Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique is applied in this study. It is pragmatic that India focused more on Tertiary education and Sri Lanka concentrated on Primary education. Tertiary education has a major role in India's GDP growth, whereas, in Sri Lanka, Primary education has a robust role in economic growth. It is evident that India's number of research scholars and highly skilled persons netted good recognition and distinction in the global world. This is due to the focus on tertiary education. Humanity Publications PhD, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Economics, University of Lahore, Pakpattan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, NCBA & E, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/education-and-economic-growth-a-comparative-analysis-of-india-and-sri-lanka https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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'Back to School after PhD': Exploring Teachers' Work Experiences Muhammad Saqib Syed Abdul Waheed Nadia Gilani PhD School Teachers Working Experience School Education Qualitative Study Working in a school after attaining one of the highest research degrees is uncommon in academia. Nevertheless, this is an emerging phenomenon due to an increased number of PhDs in Pakistan. Yet, many PhDs are unemployed. On the other hand, a school is a place that requires content expert and pedagogically skilled teachers. In the present study, the researchers attempted to address the central questions of the study; how is it like to work in schools after completing PhD and how do PhDs experience being the most qualified persons teaching in schools? A phenomenological approach was employed to uncover participants lived experiences of working in schools. Thirteen PhDs were approached through snowball sampling who were teaching in schools. The data were collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews at different schools that were analyzed using phenomenological analysis. As a result, three main themes and two sub-themes emerged from the interview transcripts. The themes included working in schools, joining the school after PhD (sub-themes; teaching and managing classroom, assessing and interaction with students) and working with non-PhDs. The study results have implications for PhDs working in schools, other school teachers and heads of the school, and the school education department. Humanity Publications Education Teacher, Center of Excellence, GHSS, Jaranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Research & Assessment, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Teacher Education, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/back-to-school-after-phd-exploring-teachers-work-experiences https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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An Investigation of the Factors Preventing Teachers to Attend Professional Development Muqaddas Butt Atika Aziz Mubashar Nadeem Teacher Professional Development TPD Barriers to Professional Development Continual improvement in knowledge and skills is important in every profession, and teaching is no exception. A Mix-method approach was used. Semi-structured interviews of 12 of the 120 (35%) secondary school English teachers were conducted who amongst a large sample of 343 surveyed teachers reported their participation in professional development activities as nil. Findings revealed that family responsibilities acted as a major preventive force in the way of teachers' accessing formal and organized TPD. Other potentially significant barriers that inhibited teachers from attending TPD involve time issues, lack of support from the school head/administration, huge financial cost, less relevancy to teachers' area of teaching or inability to meet the prerequisites of the TPD activity. It is concluded that teachers' learning capacities can be enhanced, and ultimately, classroom practices could be improved if barriers restricting teachers to participate in the activities of professional growth are removed. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D Scholar, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Education, Lahore, punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/-an-investigation-of-the-factors-preventing-teachers-to-attend-professional-development https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Development of Diagnostic Assessment Test for Misconceptions (ATM) in Mathematics at Elementary School Level Sumera Kanwal Muhammad Shahid Farooq Diagnostic Assessment Test Two tiers Misconceptions Mathematics Elementary School Level Diagnostic assessment test for misconceptions (ATM) help teachers identifying misconceptions of students and help students to enhance conceptual understandings. The main purpose of the study was to develop a diagnostic assessment test for misconceptions (ATM) in Mathematics at the elementary school level. At the first stage, the content was defined, and a table of specifications was made. Students' misconceptions from previous literature were identified, and then a two-tier MCQs type misconceptions test was developed. Validity was ensured by school teachers, educationists and experts of the field. For pilot testing, the test was conducted among 60 students of three schools and item analysis was employed. Item difficulty and item discrimination through item analysis was drawn to standardize the test. Test-retest reliability was also measured by pilot testing. After testing the validity and reliability, thirty items remained in the diagnostic test. The final form of the test enables the Mathematics teachers to understand the weak areas of students. Humanity Publications Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/development-of-diagnostic-assessment-test-for-misconceptions-atm-in-mathematics-at-elementary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Character Building of Students: Private Secondary School Principals' Perceptions and Practices Shagufta Yasmin Yaar Muhammad Malahat Fuad Siddiqui Character Building Curricular and Co-curricular Activities Secondary School Students Principals Principals play an important role in preparing self-reliant and benevolent students who become lifelong learners, contribute to their nation, and serve society as ethical citizens. Strong character based on desirable moral values can heighten our lives exceedingly. Whilst weak or poor character can have disastrous effects on us as humanity is going through the complexities of the 21st century at social, economic, and individual levels. This qualitative study used a semi-structured interview design to explore the perceptions and practices of principals from ten private schools of Lahore regarding students' character building. This was done using a purposefully selected sample and a self-constructed semi-structured interview guide. The analysis of the data revealed that most of the principals considered the central purpose of education is to groom students' whole personalities according to the Islamic moral values considering them as the universally beneficial virtues. Research outcomes provided us with the information about principals' practices used in secondary schools from a conducive environment to the curriculum, helping in cultivating a community of virtue. This study's findings related to the formation of students' characters can be beneficial for society, policymakers, school administration, parents, teachers, and learners. Humanity Publications Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/character-building-of-students-private-secondary-school-principals-perceptions-and-practices https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Interplay of Organizational Justice with Teachers Academic Performance at Higher Secondary School Level Shahid Hussain Muhammad Latif Javaid Iqbal Interplay Organizational Justice Teacher Performance Organizational conduct requires an understanding of justice. Justice has received ample attention from researchers from various disciplines, including economics, psychology, law, and corporate life. The study's objectives were to 1) explore the perceptions of teachers about organizational justice and academic performance; 2) ascertain the relationship between organizational justices with teachers' academic performance. The population consisted of teachers who taught students in grades XI-XII, and the survey consisted of 155 teachers. A 30-item questionnaire was used as a testing instrument for data collection. The research found that most administrators rewarded workers for doing their jobs well, the majority of teachers were pleased with the practices they implemented, and their strategies and procedures were fair. On the other hand, teachers' student success is closely related to what they write on their whiteboards. Additionally, it concluded that teachers effectively test student learning. Teachers should do an assessment of their students' academic difficulties for preparing. Humanity Publications Headmaster, Government High School Sahlan, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/interplay-of-organizational-justice-with-teachers-academic-performance-at-higher-secondary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Students' Perception of Social Development through Sports at University Level Javed Ali Soomro Ghayoor Abbas Bhati Nisar Ahmed Khaskheli University Students Sports Perception Social-Development This investigation was conducted on the university students studying at Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur (SALU)-Sindh-Pakistan. 100 students amongst the enrolled students in various teaching departments (N=100) were selected to take part in the study as on a random sampling basis. A survey questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The frequency percentage were differently calculated with the general frequencies shows the results of various statements about students' perception regarding social development through sports as frequency percent of items maximum as 30%, item-2, 38%, item-3, 31%, item-4, 42%, item-5, 46%, item-6, 51%, statement-7, 46% item-8, 47% item-9, 48%, item-10, 52% which all were different from each other. The results depict the closest relationship of sports with the social development of youths in our society. This investigation recommends that sports programs that may offer opportunities to ensure the social development of youths must be organized. Humanity Publications Center for Physical Education Health & Sports Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan. Center for Physical Education Health & Sports Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan. Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Sukkur IBA University, Sindh, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/students-perception-of-social-development-through-sports-at-university-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Development of Creative Writing Assessment Test at Elementary School Level Tehseen Sarwar Muhammad Shahid Farooq Creative Writing Assessment Elementary School Level Creative writing assessment test helps teachers in identifying the writing ability of students, which is planned to enhance students understanding of writing. The main aim of the research was to develop an assessment test for the students of elementary school to check three concepts as descriptive, narrative and persuasive in writing. The methodology for constructing an assessment test comprises three main phases. The validity of the developed test was ensured by five experts, including three school teachers and two educational experts. The reliability of the test was checked by using item analysis, using two soft wares. For pilot testing of the developed instrument, 62 students of elementary school were selected. After pilot testing, the test was finalized, containing 6 items of essay type test. Findings of standardized test enable English teachers to comprehend the weak areas of students. More tests using other concepts can be developed to know the feeble areas of the students. Humanity Publications Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/development-of-creative-writing-assessment-test-at-elementary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Study of Relationship Between Social Alienation and Psychiatric Disorders among the University Students Shahnaz Perveen Khalil Ur Rehman Sikander Nimra Anam Psychiatric Disorders Social Alienation University Students Alienation is a state of mind in which an individual feels lonely and has a low level of attachment with her society, fails to get control over the environment and gradually becomes isolated and helpless. Psychiatric disorders refer to what a person feels, thinks and act that lead her towards the mental disturbance or spoil his areas of functioning. The present study investigated the relationship between social alienation and psychiatric disorders among university students. 600 students were selected as a sample from different departments of a university. A scale for alienation developed by Guerrero and Castillo (1966) and a scale for psychiatric disorders developed by Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) were used to collect the data. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and Pearson Correlation. Results showed that certain level of social alienation and psychiatric disorders exist among students, and there was a positive association between social alienation and psychiatric disorders. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, The Government Sadiq College Women University Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Sociology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-study-of-relationship-between-social-alienation-and-psychiatric-disorders-among-the-university-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Exploring the Influence of Teachers' and Students' Mother Tongue on the Use of National Language in L2 Teaching/Learning Muhammad Ahsan Muhammad Saeed Nasir Tahira Asgher First Language Second Language National Language Motivation Education The purpose of the current study was to explore the influence of teachers' and students' mother tongue on the use of national language in L2 teaching and learning. For a comprehensive understanding of the issue, the study focused on 156 teachers and the 577 students who were teaching and learning English at graduation level in different public sector colleges and universities of Southern Punjab. Two questionnaires were used for data collection. The data were analyzed through SPSS (statistical package for social sciences). Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, Analysis of variance (ANOVA), T-Test and Cronbach's alpha. The results of the study indicated that the teachers who have Saraiki as their mother tongue have a high inclination toward the use of it in their classroom setting due to the socio-cultural factor such as their multilingual aptitude and their emotional attachment with their mother tongue. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of English, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of English, Emerson University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of English Linguistics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-influence-of-teachers-and-students-mother-tongue-on-the-use-of-national-language-in-l2-teachinglearning https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Perceptions of Faculty of English about the Role of Teacher Education in Pakistan to Promote the Culture of Collaborative Research Projects: A Reflective Study Humaira Irfan Muqaddas Butt Collaborative Research Projects Teacher Education Policy Curriculum Assessment The purpose of the study is to explore the perceptions of a public sector university faculty about the role of teacher education to endorse the culture of collaborative research projects between researchers and practitioners to create small communities. The findings show that policymakers, researchers and practitioners should have shared concerns about the context to create a dialogue about the existing educational problems in Pakistan. The problem solving and inquiry-driven mechanism should be developed to identify key problems of an education system. The need is to develop the standards that should provide the parameters for curricula, assessment and teacher education to achieve the global objectives. However, these standards would emerge through interactive and collective discourse. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of English, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/perceptions-of-faculty-of-english-about-the-role-of-teacher-education-in-pakistan-to-promote-the-culture-of-collaborative-research-projects-a-reflecti https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Comparative Study of Teachers' Academic & Professional Qualifications in Public and Private Secondary Schools in Malakand Division Miraj Ahmad Manzoor Hussain Shah Muhammad Ilyas Khan Quality Education Teachers' Education Academic and Professional Qualifications Teachers Ages and Teaching Experiences Quality education comprises of so many factors, such as teachers' professional and academic qualifications. This study deals with the quantitative part of a larger study that looks at factors that influence the quality of education in private schools as well as in public schools in the Malakand Division. The study's sample consisted of four hundred and eighty teachers from forty-eight randomly selected schools (fifty percent public and fifty percent private sector) in Malakand. A survey questionnaire technique was used for the collection of data, which was then analyzed using inferential statistics and descriptive statistics. Results indicate that teachers at public secondary schools had higher academic qualifications, more teaching experience and were on average older in comparison to private school teachers. In light of the recruitment guidelines of the National Education Policy (2017), the paper recommended that teachers in both public and private schools improve their professional qualifications as well as academic qualifications. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Chairman, Department of Education, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-comparative-study-of-teachers-academic-professional-qualifications-in-public-and-private-secondary-schools-in-malakand-division https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect of Peer Attachment on Career Decision Making among Undergraduate Students Mahvish Fatima Kashif Faiza Shaheen Wajiha Amjad Peer Attachment Decision-Making Undergraduate Students CDMSF This study was an attempt to explore the effect of peer attachment on career decision making among undergraduate students. A sample of 528 undergraduate students of the education department was selected from public and private universities of Lahore through a stratified random sampling technique. The questionnaire used for data collection was comprised of demographic information, career decision making self-efficacy developed by Betz, Klein and Taylor (1996) and inventory of peer and parental attachment developed by Armsden and Greenberg (1987) and revised by Gullone and Robinson (2005). Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between variables. An independent sample t-test was applied to determine the difference between the groups. The results showed that peer attachment has a significant effect on CDMSF. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University of Education, Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-peer-attachment-on-career-decision-making-among-undergraduate-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).19 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Understanding Hamlet's Delay Through Munir's Words: Comparative Analysis of 'To be, or not to be: that is the Question', and Munir Niazi's Poem: 'Hamaisha Dair Kar Dayta Hoon' Mahnoor Muhammad Amjad Abid Mubashar Nadeem Hamaisha Dair Kar Dayta Hoon Synonymous Characteristic Philanthropic Humanitarian This article explores to understand Hamlet's delay through similarities of action by analyzing Hamlet's soliloquy: To be, or not to be: that is the question: and Munir Niazi's poem 'Hamaisha Dair Kar Dayta Hoon'. The qualitative study unfolds Hamlet, a visualized character, and Munir Niazi, Urdu and Punjabi poet, as two intellectually active personalities having an intensity of feelings coupled with action found in both the literary pieces, which ultimately shed light on their philanthropic and humanitarian nature as individuals. The study also exposes that both the personalities have a synonymous characteristic; action manifested through inaction found in the soliloquy: 'To be or not to be is the question of life...' and 'Hamaisha Dair Kar Dayta Hoon', by revealing that both are though philosophical but full of worries about benighted future if action taken goes wrong and both the utterances predict a commitment to action, but that is to be taken honourably. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of English, University of Education, Township, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Urdu, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of English, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/understanding-hamlets-delay-through-munirs-words-comparative-analysis-of-to-be-or-not-to-be-that-is-the-question-and-munir-niazis-poem-hamaisha-dair-k https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).20 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Job Satisfaction: An Exploratory Study of the Perceptions of University Teachers Rizwan Ahmad Safia Naveed Shahid Anjum Pay Promotion Supervision Operating Procedures Contingent Rewards Fringe Benefits Coworkers Nature of Work Communication This research study was conducted to explore the job satisfaction of university teachers. The study might contribute from theoretical, management and academic perspectives. It was correlational research. The study was delimited to the University of Education Lahore. The population of the study was teachers working at the University of Education Lahore. The Census sampling technique was applied to select the desired sample. The job satisfaction survey developed by Spector was used with prior permission. The validity and reliability of the instrument were insured through pilot testing. The data were collected with prior permission from the concerned authority. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to the data. Teachers reported themselves to be satisfied with their jobs. They were found satisfied on the subscales Supervision, coworkers, nature of work, promotion, communication, fringe benefits, pay, contingent rewards, operating procedure, respectively. No significant difference was observed in job satisfaction on the basis of designation, age, qualification, marital status and gender. Humanity Publications Lecturer, University of Education, Lower Mall Campus Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. School Education Department, Government of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/job-satisfaction-an-exploratory-study-of-the-perceptions-of-university-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).21 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Unleashing Student's Perspectives on Novel Teacher Education Program Afaf Manzoor Muhammad Shakir Hafeez Ullah B.Ed. 4 years program Perception Self-regulation Pedagogy Practicum Marketability Bachelor in Education 4 years has been launched in the universities of Pakistan for the pre-service teacher training across Pakistan. This study was conducted to have the perception of students about the newly launched B.Ed 4 years program with the collaboration of the Teacher Education Project by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The enrolled students (n-40) of the B.Ed 4 year program were a sample of the study. An interview protocol was administered to have an insight into IUB students. Students' perception was taken in the form of their viewpoints right from the beginning like a reason for taking admission in this program, perception prevailing in their surrounding community about this newly launched degree and the university's role assessment in coming up to their expectations. NVIVO-11 was used for data analysis. It can be concluded that there are no doubts about the viability and marketability of the program in future. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, Department of Education, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/unleashing-students-perspectives-on-novel-teacher-education-program https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).22 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Measuring the Attitude of Pre-Service Teachers towards the use of Computer in Mathematics at University Level Sehar Mangi Shazma Nandwani Amjad Ali Rind Attitude Pre-Service Teachers Use of Computers in Mathematics Universities Pakistan Integration of computers in teaching-learning has been a positive development in the field of education. However, there is a dire need of knowing the use of computers in teaching. Therefore, it is necessary to study the attitude of pre-service teachers related to the use of computers in instructional practices of Mathematics. The current study aims to explore the attitudes of pre-service teachers towards the use of computer in teaching Mathematics. A quantitative approach was used within it descriptive cross-sectional survey research design was adopted. The sample of present the study consists of (n=111) pre-service teachers of teacher training colleges. The reliability of the study was found as Cronbach α=.778. The results revealed that the pre-service teachers have an encouraging attitude towards the usage of computer in Mathematics. Overall, attitudes of pre-service teachers were supporting the idea of technological integration in Mathematic. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Iqra University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. MPhil Research Scholar, Department of Education, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/measuring-the-attitude-of-preservice-teachers-towards-the-use-of-computer-in-mathematics-at-university-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).23 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Mapping the Relationship between Teachers' Language Anxiety in Teaching Science and Students' Motivation at Secondary Schools Asia Zulfqar Bashir Hussain Uzma Shahzadi Anxiety Language Motivation Secondary Schools Teaching Science Public school teachers are instructed by the government to teach science subjects through English at secondary schools, which is not less than a nightmare for teachers. Their poor language skills enhance their level of anxiety while teaching through English which ultimately affect the student' motivation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between language anxiety in teaching science and students' motivation at secondary schools. A quantitative research methodology was adopted to conduct this study. A convenient sampling technique was adopted to collect data from secondary school teachers and students. Simple linear regression and independentsample t-test were applied to analyze data. As to findings, it is identified that teachers' language anxiety has no impact on students' level of motivation. As to language anxiety, both male and female teachers perceived equal level of anxiety. Whereas the difference between boys and girls in relation to their perceived motivation was significant. The discussion highlighted these strange results with the help of available researches. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/mapping-the-relationship-between-teachers-language-anxiety-in-teaching-science-and-students-motivation-at-secondary-schools https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).24 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Gender based Analysis of Psychological Well-Being among University Teachers Nadia Nazir Shazia Zamir Aisha Bibi Psychological Well-Being Gender University Teachers The aim of this study was to analyze the gender-based difference in psychological well-being among university teachers-a quantitative study with a population of 192 university teachers from four universities of Islamabad. A random sample technique was used, and 130 university teachers were chosen as a sample of the study. A standardized questionnaire developed by Ryff (2014) consisted of six dimensions, and 42 items were used. The findings of the study revealed that there was a significant difference between "autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, positive relations and self-acceptance" but not in "personal growth". It is also revealed that men scored high in all scopes of psychological well-being except in the "personal growth" of university teachers. It may be recommended that by taking care of psychological well-being, educational institutions may reduce the problems of faculty members, which may lead intuitions towards success. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/gender-based-analysis-of-psychological-wellbeing-among-university-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).25 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Application of Information Communication Technology at Secondary School Level and Its Practices Navid Jamil Malik Iftikhar Ahmad Baig Rashid Minas ICT Practices Secondary Schools At this point, it is a well-established fact that information and communications technology (ICT) is the most valuable source of power and attractiveness behind all types of knowledge-driven businesses worldwide. The availability of good, well-organized, well-equipped computer labs and highly-trained and dedicated ICT professionals in a variety of subjects inside the educational institution is an indispensable condition for the professional application of ICT in several societal areas. Specifically, this study aims to investigate the use and acceptability of information and communication technology (ICT) in secondary schools throughout the Punjab province. Participants included high school teachers as well as students from different regions of Punjab province. The study findings investigated the constraints and flaws in the implementation of the information technology program. It also shows that other challenges, such as power outages, can obstruct students from achieving their educational objectives. Humanity Publications Professor/Head, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor/Head, Department of Education, International Open University Gambia. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/application-of-information-communication-technology-at-secondary-school-level-and-its-practices https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).26 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Theoretical Understanding of Cooperative Learning Techniques in Education Zahir Shah Jamal Shah Khadija Ayaz Traditional Learning Cooperative Learning Collaborative Learning Academic Achievements Positive Interdependence Individual Responsibility and Group Processing Education is one of the main pillars on which the development of a nation depends. This fact necessitates research in the education sector of a state to make it capable of copping with the challenges of the modern age. Traditional methods of learning have been incapable in this regard. Cooperative Learning Techniques is an innovative teaching methodology for promoting the academic achievements of the students. Cooperative Promoting students' participation in class through a Cooperative Learning environment needs a variety of research studies in the effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Techniques. Educational institutions in the developed states make effective use of Cooperative Learning Techniques to enhance students' participation and their academic achievements. The major objective of this research study is to give a theoretical understanding of the various aspects of Cooperative Learning Techniques. The paper shows that effective Cooperative Learning can be realized only if its basic elements are carefully implemented. The paper also gives some policy recommendations. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Government Post Graduate College, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Senior Subject Specialist in Government Girls Higher Secondary School Takht Bhai, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-theoretical-understanding-of-cooperative-learning-techniques-in-education https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).27 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Traumatic Impact of Online Teaching of ELT in Universities of South Punjab due to MCO during COVID-19: The Post Humanist Paradigm for New Pedagogical Practices Abdul Rashid Muhammad Riaz khan Raabia Yaseen Online Teaching MCO COVID-19 Traumatic Impact English Language Teaching The Post Humanist Paradigm Recently, during the current situation of pandemic COVID-19, human interaction has been restricted. Due to moment control order (MCO) enforcement, pedagogy had to undergo the phenomenon of posthumanist and digital blended mode. The present research is aimed to measure the traumatic impact of online teaching on university students during COVID019. The students' responses were measured through a questionnaire. The major theoretical insights have been taken from Bayley (2018)'s Post Human Pedagogies in Practice: Arts-Based Approaches for Developing Participatory Futures. It has been found that students had to undergo distressful experiences due to a lack of technological knowledge and insufficient resources. In the light of the analyzed data, it is suggested that there is a dire need the academic institutions should develop a digital support system. The findings of the current study establish that our non-preparedness of digital for digital space in classrooms would be traumatic by affecting teaching, which is considered as the essential element of progress in social theory. Humanity Publications Lecturer in English, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur Sub Campus Layyah, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer in English, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur Sub Campus Layyah, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer in English, Government College of Technology for Women Layyah, TEVTA Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-traumatic-impact-of-online-teaching-of-elt-in-universities-of-south-punjab-due-to-mco-during-covid19-the-post-humanist-paradigm-for-new-pedagogica https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).28 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Demotivation in Vocabulary Learning: A Qualitative Approach to ESL Learners' Related Factors Noveen Javed ESL Learners Demotivation Vocabulary Learning Qualitative Research The research aims to evaluate demotivating factors connected to ESL learners in vocabulary learning. Data were collected from 300 ESL students studying at the university level. Participants were asked to provide comments to help the researchers identify the elements they believe are detrimental to their vocabulary. Six key topics were found in the examination of written feedback. The researchers proposed advice to ESL students and teachers in light of the findings. The study concluded that learners' related factors contribute significantly to demotivate them from vocabulary learning. The study concluded that lack of interest, lack of opportunities to use English, confusion over the material selection, time management mistakes, excessive use of smartphones, and lack of exposure are the factors reported by the ESL learners in vocabulary learning. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of English Linguistics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/demotivation-in-vocabulary-learning-a-qualitative-approach-to-esl-learners-related-factors https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).29 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Major Causes of Female Dropouts at Different Educational Levels in Karachi Syeda Aliya Fatima Syeda Tasneem Fatima S. Khurram Khan Alwi Female Education Female Dropouts Education in Pakistan This research revolves around the causes of female dropouts in Karachi at different educational levels, including primary, secondary, high school and university levels. In this research exploratory sequential mixed method has been used. After the literature review, the phenomenological research method for the qualitative phase of research has been adopted. In this regard, the interviews have been taken by different educationalists in Karachi on the basis of their experience and age via the convenience sampling method. All the hypotheses have been tested and accepted at this stage. Under the umbrella of results of the first phase, the questionnaire has been designed for quantitative research, i.e. the second phase of the research. The sample size for the second phase is 200; the data has been collected via quota sampling. The frequency of every element included in the quantitative phase has been detected separately by using descriptive analysis through SPSS. Finally, conclusions have been made on the basis of data analysis. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Greenwich University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Department of Education (Retd.), Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/major-causes-of-female-dropouts-at-different-educational-levels-in-karachi https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).30 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Compatibility of Leadership Styles with Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Conflict Management Strategies Muhammad Nadeem Anwar Ghulam Zainab Asma Khizar Leadership Styles Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Conflicts Management Strategies and Headteachers Conflict among leaders and subordinates is natural meanwhile same is observed among headteachers and teachers; if it is not managed appropriately can create an adverse impact on organizational climate and subsequently on performance. A plethora of literature looked at the leadership styles that have direct/indirect influence on cooperative and non-cooperative conflict management practices. The present study examines the compatibility between leadership styles and cooperative and non-cooperative conflict management strategies of the secondary schools in Punjab. 360 randomly selected head teachers participated in this study. Two questionnaires were used, one for leadership styles and the other for cooperative and non-cooperative conflict management strategies. The results indicated that cooperative strategies of conflict management such as accommodation, collaboration and compromising are much helpful in a place where democratic leadership style was being practised, and authoritative leaders intended to follow non-cooperative such as competing and avoiding strategies in order to manage conflicts in schools. Therefore, it can be inferred that Headteachers who perceived to exhibit a more democratic style of leadership adopted cooperative strategies of conflict management. The headteachers who were perceived to exhibit a more autocratic leadership style opted for non-cooperative strategies of conflict management. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/compatibility-of-leadership-styles-with-cooperative-and-noncooperative-conflict-management-strategies https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).31 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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How School Leader Implement the Curriculum? Problems, Prospects, and Way Forward Obaid Ullah Umair Arshad Uzma Malik Curriculum Development Implementation Principal Chi-Square The principal has a multidimensional role, which includes academic management, providing a suitable environment for learning, maintaining proper institutional discipline and the implementation of the curriculum in their academic institutions. The aim of the study was to explore the role of principals in the implementation of the curriculum in the school. The nature of the study was descriptive in nature, having 77 secondary school principals constitutes the population of the study, of which 70 principals were taken as a sample of the study using standardized sample size determination techniques. The data was collected through a validated closed-ended questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale. The collected data were analyzed using chi-square statistics. The results reveal that the opportunities were provided to staff members for the development of skills and attitudes to support curriculum implementation, the curriculum materials were used to diagnose the potential barriers in the process of curriculum implementation, and the principal provides facilities for the development of standard assessment plans to implement the curriculum. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Former Research Scholar, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/how-school-leader-implement-the-curriculum-problems-prospects-and-way-forward https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).32 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Experiences of Students Regarding Online Education during COVID-19 Pandemic in Baluchistan Erum Hussain Saman Noor Sahar Arshad Experience of Students Online Education COVID-19 The study explored the experiences of the students regarding the online education programs during COVID-19. The aim of the study was to explore the experience of online education among university students in the pandemic of COVID-19. This study was qualitative in nature. The Population was Quetta, Baluchistan Universities; sampling was purposive in nature with 20 samples of male university students. Data was collected through an interview guide and was analyzed through thematic analysis. The main findings were that students experienced difficulties in learning, use of modern technology, internet issues, interaction with teachers and uploading assignments. The recommendations were put forward to the policymakers that the higher education commission should make a proper strategy for the students during online class regarding technological tools, online database, and proper outlay of the graphics. Humanity Publications MS in Sociology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. MS in Sociology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Disaster Management and Development Studies, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/experiences-of-students-regarding-online-education-during-covid19-pandemic-in-baluchistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).33 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Constructive Feedback, Learning Motivation and Academic Achievement in Chemistry Subject: Qualitative Experiences from Classroom Intervention Rabia Aslam Najmonnisa Khan Lubna Oad Academic Achievement Chemistry Constructive Feedback Motivation SelfEfficacy Self-Regulation The study aimed to explore headmistress, teachers, and students' perceptions about constructive feedback before and after the intervention. A true experimental research design was used for the intervention to measure the effects of constructive feedback. One headmistress and three Chemistry subject teachers were interviewed, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was conducted with five experimental group students before and after the intervention. A semi-structured interview schedule and FGD guidelines were used to collect the data. Data were collected twice to find out the differences in opinions/perceptions before and after the intervention. Results support that constructive feedback practices increase students' performance and motivation towards Chemistry. Students' self-efficacy and self-regulation skills also developed among students after the intervention. Constructive feedback was also found effective for the low-score achievers to increase their performance in Chemistry. It is recommended that constructive feedback should be incorporated in daily formative assessment practices in the classroom setting. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/constructive-feedback-learning-motivation-and-academic-achievement-in-chemistry-subject-qualitative-experiences-from-classroom-intervention https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).34 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impacts of Using Laptop at University Level- A Survey-Based Approach Iffat Basit Quratulain Muhammad Hafeez A survey-based research study has been directed to reveal the impacts of using laptops at the university level. For this research BS Mathematics and BS Physics students both morning and evening sess A survey-based research study has been directed to reveal the impacts of using laptops at the university level. For this research, BS Mathematics and BS Physics students, both morning and evening sessions of Universities in South Punjab, Pakistan, were taken as a population. The population consists of 240 students and 10 teachers of four Universities in South Punjab. The sample of 112 students and10 teachers was taken by the Random sampling technique. Questionnaires and interviews were used as a research tool. The consequences of the research study discovered that most of the students used laptops for study purposes like making assignments on Microsoft word and presentations on PowerPoint. The results of teachers questionnaires revealed that most of the teachers used laptops for the preparation of lecturers and for different academic activities. Humanity Publications Faculty of Education, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water & Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Lasbela, Balochistan, Pakistan. Department of Education, Alhamd Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Research Scholar, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impacts-of-using-laptop-at-university-level-a-surveybased-approach https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).35 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect of Autonomous Learner Approach on Prospective Teachers' Critical Thinking Skills Nadia Iqbal Rafaqat Ali Akbar Autonomous Learner Approach Prospective Teachers Critical Thinking Skills Autonomous learner approach facilitates the learning environment in which students become a responsible and self-directed learner. The purpose of this experimental study was to explore the effect of the autonomous learner approach on prospective teachers' critical thinking skills. The 'quasi-experimental pre-test posttest control group research design' was used for this study. The participants of this study were prospective teachers of M.A. Early Childhood Education, studying at the Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore'. A self-developed critical thinking skills scale (CTSS) was used for collecting the data. Independent samples t-test and ANCOVA were used to analyse the data. Findings show that there was an effect of the autonomous learner approach on prospective teachers' self-directed learning skills. The conclusion demonstrates that the autonomous learner approach is requisite in developing critical thinking skills among prospective teachers. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Elementary Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-autonomous-learner-approach-on-prospective-teachers-critical-thinking-skills https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).37 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Organizational Health and Teachers' Burnout: A Study of Selected Private Schools in the Punjab Province Hina Malik Shaista Gauhar Ayaz Ali Shah Organizational Health Teachers' Burnout Private School Punjab Education This study is directed at exploring the relationship between organizational health and teachers' burnout in selected private schools in Lahore city. The health of an organization could be measured through five determinants, including institutional integrity, academic emphasis, collegial leadership, resource influence and teacher affiliation. These five determinants were studied in relation to three dimensions of burnout which consists of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment. Data were collected through the questionnaire method. A total of thirty-seven questions were asked from three hundred and eighty respondents. The data so collected were analyzed through SPSS. The conclusion was that there is a strong negative correlation between organizational health and teachers' burnout in private schools. It means that poor organizational health leads to increased burnout of the teaching community and vice versa. Introduction. Humanity Publications Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/organizational-health-and-teachers-burnout-a-study-of-selected-private-schools-in-the-punjab-province https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).38 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Children Development Issues like Social Adjustment and Regulations of Working and Housewives Mothers Shamim Akhtar Muhammad Hameed Nawaz Saman Altaf Child Development Social Adjustment Self Regulations Working Women Adjustment Inventory The main dimension of the study was to highlight the child development issues like social adjustment and regulations of working and housewives mothers. The study was quantitative in nature, and a causal-comparative design was followed. The research study was delimited to the Punjab province of Pakistan. All the boys and girls colleges were the population of the study. Self-regulation and social adjustment scales like the Adjustment Inventory for College Students was used for the data collection. The reliability of this scale was assured at 0.84. Data were analyzed with the assistance of SPSS version 22 using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study showed that the children development issues like social adjustment and self-regulation are better upgraded and solved in the working women as compared to housewives women. The counselling and guidance workshops may be planned for a better understanding of social adjustment and regulations. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer Psychology, Superior Science College Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/children-development-issues-like-social-adjustment-and-regulations-of-working-and-housewives-mothers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).39 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Comparative Analysis of Faculty of Natural Sciences and Social Science in Context of Knowledge Creation Practices Hira Habib Marium Din Nabeela Shakur Abbasi knowledge Creation Learning Organization Knowledge is an important entity for every organization as knowledge creation leads towards a competitive advantage. The study was carried out to compare the knowledge creation practices of faculty of natural sciences and faculty of social sciences. Spiral knowledge creation theory was the base of the study, and objectives were to; 1) explore the status of knowledge creation practice of university teachers 2) compare the knowledge creation practices of faculty of natural sciences and social sciences. The total population was 4195 of 11 universities, from which 587 respondents were selected through stratified sampling technique. Descriptive statistics and independent t-test have been used for the analysis of data that get through a standardized questionnaire. The study concluded that the faculty of natural sciences create knowledge far better than the faculty of social science, for this faculty of social sciences need to involve in research and innovation activities. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/comparative-analysis-of-faculty-of-natural-sciences-and-social-science-in-context-of-knowledge-creation-practices https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).40 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Instructional Methods on the Performance of University Students Shahbaz Ahmad Muhammad Naveed Khalid Muhammad Anees-ul-Hasnain Shah Instructional Methods Students' Achievement Knowledge Transmission Teaching is a continuous process for transmission of skills and knowledge attitudes in harmony with professional commitment. Transformation of knowledge involves teachers to use the appropriate instructional methods and pedagogical skills that best suit the learners. The study explored the effect of instructional methods on learners' achievement at the university level in pretest and posttest groups. The students studying in university of Lahore Sargodha Campus. The sample consisted of 40 students using a simple random sampling technique. The researchers used performance test score. The data were analyzed through inferential statistical test and mean and sd. The findings showed that both male and female university scholars had significant differences in the instructional methods in the posttest group. Male students were more prominent in activity-based, demonstration, and discussion methods. On the other hand, females were more prominent in lecture methods. The researchers recommended that teachers should use better innovative methods for the effective performance of students during the instructional process. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Caardiff University, United Kingdom. Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Education Lahore, DGKhan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-instructional-methods-on-the-performance-of-university-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).41 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Relationship of Achievement Goal Orientation of Male and Female University Teachers with their Work Engagement and Organizational Commitment Khadija Sitter Sumaira Munawar Rizwan Ahmad Goal Orientation Male Female University Teachers Educaiton Students' academic output and engagement with studies deal with the achievement goal orientation. The purpose of the study is to find out the relationship among achievement goal orientation of male and female teachers with work engagement and organizational commitment. It was a quantitative study, and a correlation research method was employed. Two districts of central Punjab were chosen as the population of the study. In order to draw a sample from universities, a stratified sampling technique was used. For data collection, two instruments were used. Results showed that there was a relationship existed between achievement goal orientation with work engagement and organizational commitment. A significant difference among demographic variables was found by using independent samples t-test. A significant difference between male and female teachers was found regarding achievement goal orientation. However, there was no difference found regarding work engagement and organizational commitment on the basis of gender. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/relationship-of-achievement-goal-orientation-of-male-and-female-university-teachers-with-their-work-engagement-and-organizational-commitment- https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).42 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Perceptions of Pakistani Students on Online Classes During COVID-19 Ayesha Butt Fareeha Javed Sameera Ayub Bhatti Online Learning Online Teaching Online Classes Perceptions Distance Learning Online Technologies The worth of online education has been increased to a great extent during Covid 19. The present study investigates the perceptions of Pakistani university students regarding online classes. The data was collected from 300 students of 4 universities in Lahore. The findings specified a sufficient level of satisfaction among the participants, but with an encounter of the hindrances caused by the technology. In contrast, the learners contended with the space they got from the online learning by taking classes from anywhere with all the precision of the materials and syllabus. Humanity Publications Department of TESOL, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of TESOL, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of English, The University of Lahore, (Lahore School of Accountancy and Finance), Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/perceptions-of-pakistani-students-on-online-classes-during-covid19 https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Role of Strategic Leadership on Employee Performance with Mediating Effect of Employee Engagement: An Empirical Study of Higher Educational Commission Employees Bushra Alvi Aftab Haider Muhammad Akram Islamabad Higher Education Commission Strategic Leadership Employee Engagement Employee Performance The study was conducted to investigate the relationship of strategic leadership on employee performance through the mediation of employee engagement in the Higher Education Commission Islamabad head office. The inquiry was conducted in a natural working environment of an organization where respondents are situated/located that is a field study. A simple random sampling technique was used to carry out the research. The questionnaires were based on a five-point Likert scale measuring strategic leadership, employee engagement and employee performance. 167 questionnaires were distributed among middle-level employees of the Higher Education Commission, out of which 127 were useable. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The descriptive statistics indicated that strategic leadership shows a significant positive impact on employee performance, whereas employee engagement does mediate the relationship between the independent variable, i.e., Strategic leadership, and dependent variable i-e, Employee Performance. Recommendations to improve employee performance under this study are provided to the organization. Humanity Publications HR Officer, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Senior Assistant Professor, Business Studies Department, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Business Studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-role-of-strategic-leadership-on-employee-performance-with-mediating-effect-of-employee-engagement-an-empirical-study-of-higher-educational-commiss https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Exploring the Influence of Teachers' Experience on the Responses about L1 use in L2 Teaching Muhammad Ahsan Noshaba Younus Muhammad Naeem Teacher Experience College University Teaching Grammar The focus of the current research was to explore the influence of teachers' experience on the responses about L1 use in L2 teaching. To investigate an evident and contemplative comprehension of this topic or subject matter, the available research targeted the 156 teachers who were practising teaching English at graduation level in different public sector colleges and universities of the Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The data collection source applied for the study was a questionnaire. Data were examined using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) 23 version. Data was examined with the help of different data analysis techniques such as descriptive analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), T-Test and Cronbach's alpha. The outcome of the immediate study showed that the teachers displayed a highly positive sense about the use of native language in the foreign language classroom. Most of the teachers adopted using L1 in certain occurrences for solid reasons, such as while teaching grammar and its usage in the target language classroom. Foreign language teachers were extremely inspired to use L1 while teaching short questions and summaries, letter writing and paraphrasing the text in different classes of graduation. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of English, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of English, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of English, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-influence-of-teachers-experience-on-the-responses-about-l1-use-in-l2-teaching https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Work-Family Conflict and Organizational Commitment: A study of University Teachers Rizwan Ahmad Fareeha Javed Kamal Ud Din Work-Family Conflict Family Interference with Work Work Interference with Family Normative Commitment Affective Commitment Continuance Commitment Organizational Commitment The purpose of this study was to see if there was an association between work-family conflict and organizational commitment in university teachers. It was a quantitative research study that used a correlational research methodology, which means that no variables were modified and were instead revealed as they were. Teachers at the University of Education Lahore were the study's subjects. Carlson's Work-Family Conflict Scale (WFCS) and Allen and Meyer's Employee Commitment Survey (ECS) were adapted with their consent. The census sampling method was used. The instrument was delivered among 336 teachers, and 216 questionnaires were returned, resulting in a 64 percent return rate. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Teachers were discovered to be dealing with work-family conflict while remaining dedicated to their organization. There was a negative association between the variables. The researcher suggests that this study be expanded using qualitative data. Humanity Publications University of Education, Lower Mall Campus Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Head, Department of TESOL, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Educational Development, Karakoram International University, Gilgit Balitstan, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/workfamily-conflict-and-organizational-commitment-a-study-of-university-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Virtual Studies - Academic Revolution of COVID-19: A Case Study of Department of Anthropology, University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry Aftab Ahmed Mahwish Zeeshan Virtual Studies Learning Management System Education Covid-19 COVID-19 and Education Distance Learning The pandemic of Covid-19 has indeed affected the overall modern lifestyle globally. The lockdown leads to the closure of educational institutes around the world. The situation is not different in twin cities (Rawalpindi and Islamabad). The present research was designed to collect the opinions and perceptions of students regarding virtual learning. Department of Anthropology offers Facebook online classes for its students combined with the University's central learning management system (LMS) to provide an online platform for sharing course material(s). 64 students of Anthropology participated in this study voluntarily. Google form was designed and shared with the students through Google link for the collection of data on certain indicators such as class, location of the respondent, internet access and related technological issues, comprehension of LMS, etc. The shift towards virtual studies has revolutionized and also created certain operational challenges. Humanity Publications Chairman, Department of Anthropology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Sociology, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/virtual-studiesacademic-revolution-of-covid19-a-case-study-of-department-of-anthropology-university-of-arid-agriculture-rawalpindi https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Online and Traditional ESL Teaching at Undergraduate Level Faiza Saleem Ayesha Butt Sadia Rafique Online Teaching Traditional Teaching English as a Second Language (ESL) The present study investigates and compares the effectiveness of online and traditional ESL teaching with the perspective of teachers and the challenges they face in both scenarios. The population of the study is Pakistani ESL teachers, whereas the sample of the study was comprised of twenty ESL teachers teaching at the undergraduate level. Questionnaires and interviews were used as the research tools of the study. Questionnaires were analyzed descriptively, and interviews were analyzed thematically. The findings indicate that teachers were not contented with online teaching and were more satisfied with the traditional ways of face-to-face teaching. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, National University of Modern Languages, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-comparative-study-of-the-effectiveness-of-online-and-traditional-esl-teaching-at-undergraduate-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effectiveness of Diploma of Associate Engineers (DAE) Program Working Under TEVTA in Punjab Mehwish Gull Abid Hussain Ch. Curriculum Physical Facilities Administrative Facilities Assessment and Evaluation System Social Factors Present study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Diploma of Associate Engineers (DAE) Program working under TEVTA. The population of the study was comprised of all the employees (Civil, Mechanical and Electrical) working in public and private organizations in Punjab. Employees were selected on a convenient basis. Therefore, 143 employees were a sample of the study. A questionnaire for employees was adapted to collect the data. The reliability of the instrument was 0.847. Findings revealed that employees were satisfied with the DAE curriculum, physical facilities, and administrative facilities at their workplace. On the other hand, employees were not very satisfied with their assessment and evaluation systems and social factors affecting their workplaces. A significant mean difference was found in employees perceptions regarding the effectiveness of DAE regarding their locale, job type, and trade. It is recommended that DAE graduates might be trained according to the industry demand rather than conventional knowledge. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore,Punjab, Pakistan. Dean, Faculty of Education Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/Effectiveness-of-Diploma-of-Associate-Engineers-DAE-Program-Working-under-TEVTA-in-Punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Inquiry-Based Teaching: Emotional Intelligence and Academic Excellence of University Students Hina Kaynat Abid Shahzad Samia Zaheer Inquiry-Based Teaching Emotional Intelligence Academic Excellence Conventional Learning Approach Navigate Emotions The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of inquiry-based teaching on emotional intelligence and academic excellence in students. This study aims to find the connection between emotional intelligence and academic excellence the of university students. This research was using the inquiry process as a learning and teaching in which the teachers provide detailed instruction and recognize issues in the form of questions and statements. The researcher used quantitative approach to collect the data through questionnaire. The population were included is three universities of Pakistan which is Islamia university of Bahawalpur, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan and NCBA&E university Bahawalpur as selected convenient non-random sampling. The data were analyzed interpreted by using Mean, T-test, Correlation and Regression Analysis. The results showed an interaction between the effects of inquiry-based teaching and emotional intelligence on students' academic excellence. Teachers need to use inquiry-based teaching so that students' academic excellence can be improved. In order for effective inquiry-based teaching, the emotional intelligence of students needs to be improved. Humanity Publications Researcher, Department of Education, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor/Director (Directorate of International Linkages), Department of Education, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/inquirybased-teaching-emotional-intelligence-and-academic-excellence-of-university-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Exploring In-Service Teachers' Self-Efficacy Beliefs regarding Online Teaching: .. Ume Hani Mariam Naz Yaar Muhammad TPACK Framework Self-Efficacy Beliefs In-Service Teachers Online Teaching Twenty-First-Century Skills Qualitative Multi-Case Study This qualitative multi-case study aims to understand the self-efficacy beliefs of in-service teachersconcerning online teaching. The technological pedagogical content knowledge framework was incorporated tooutline the self-efficacy beliefs of in-service teachers for conducting online teaching successfully, especially in thisadvanced learning environment. The self-efficacy theory by Bandura and TPACK framework by Koehler and Mishrawas used as the conceptual foundation, and in keeping with that, semi-structured interviews were conducted withfive in-service teachers who were also enrolled in a teacher education program. The study found the high self-efficacyof in-service teachers regarding online teaching as in-service teachers find themselves comfortable in onlineteaching. Based on the literature review and findings of the study, it is suggested that the TPACK frameworkinformed online teaching should be incorporated in pre-service and in-service teacher training programs in order toenhance their knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes towards effective online teaching. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-inservice-teachers-self-efficacy-beliefs-regarding-online-teaching https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Continuous Assessment Techniques on Students' Academic Performance at Secondary School Level Muhammad Asghar Ali Kosar Younas Muhammad Mushtaq Continuous Assessment Techniques Academic Performance Oral Test Written Test Home Assignment Re-Cape Exercise The purpose of the research is to find out the impact of continuous assessment techniques such as oral tests, written test home assignments and re-cape exercises on the academic performance of students at the secondary level. Present research work revolves around some salient issues on continuous assessment implementation with emphasis on the empirical impact of continuous assessment on the academic performance of students in secondary schools. The descriptive research design is most suitable for data collection. Researchers use a simple random sampling technique for sample selection. This study was continued with a sample of 226 secondary school teachers, of which 80 female teachers and 146 were male and 300 students of secondary level. The finding of research shows that four continuous assessment techniques have a significant effect on academic performance. It is recommended that techniques such as oral tests, written tests, home assignments and re-cape exercises should be used for enhancing the academic performance of students at the secondary level. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Women University of AJ&K, Bagh, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Women University of AJ&K, Bagh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Women University of AJ&K, Bagh, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-continuous-assessment-techniques-on-students-academic-performance-at-secondary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Role of Headteachers as an Instructional Leader Muneeba Tahira M. Imran Yousuf Abdul Saboor Head Teachers Instructional Leader Education Pakistan Education System To create a better grasp of the important concepts, topics, and difficulties in the area, this paper evaluates the current theoretical and empirical literature on the headteacher as an instructional leader. We investigated the role of the "headteacher as an instructional leader" in this study. We provided a working definition of instructional leaders, discussed the various roles played by headteachers in educational institutions, identified challenges faced by headteachers, identified gaps in current knowledge in the field, and analysed data collected from workshop participants from across Pakistan. A 19-item questionnaire was utilised as a data-gathering instrument. Analyses were carried out to understand more about the job of the headteacher and the obstacles that he or she faces. The paper concluded with recommendations to address the problems that headteachers encounter in order to improve their efficiency and effectiveness as instructional leaders. Humanity Publications Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Chairman, Department of Education, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Dean, Department of Social Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/role-of-headteachers-as-an-instructional-leader https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Challenges to Private School Teachers in Remote Areas of Pakistan During Pandemic: An Exploratory Study Bushra Noor Private School Teachers Pakistan Pandemic COVID-19 It was because of the worldwide lockdown, the COVID-19 had quite a significant impact on corporate organizations as well as the lives of millions of people. It had an impact on the supply chain as well. The impact of the COVID-19 period on educational systems and institutions was studied in this study. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the research conducted on primary school teachers working in private schools in remote areas of Pakistan. The research is based on quantitative analysis. The population of this study was 120 students from the education department of university students. The technique was simple and convenient because due to pandemics, it was not possible to collect data from individuals; data were collected through Google form. The results of this study articulated the challenges like lack of internet access, lack of administrative assistance and cooperation in Monterey terms, Parents complete absence in their children studies. This study recommends that government should work on the private teachers in terms of incentives and professional development and take action for their professional development in remote areas. Humanity Publications National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/challenges-to-private-school-teachers-in-remote-areas-of-pakistan-during-pandemic-an-exploratory-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Implementation of Inclusive Education in Pakistan: A Case of School Culture Uzma Rafique Abdul Hameed School Development Index of Inclusion Implementation of Inclusive Practice School Culture School Policies and School Practices There is growing awareness and desire to implement inclusive education in Pakistan. This quantitative study tried to assess the level of implementation of inclusive practices in public and private sector schools through the voices of headteachers and teachers. The status of implementation is explored by using a five-point Likert type scale developed on the framework of Index of Inclusion (Booth and Ainscow, 2002) and Framework of Indicators developed by Kyriazopoulou and Weber (2009). The sample of the study comprised 51 inclusive schools representing four inclusive models. Headteachers and teachers engaged in implementation were asked to unfold their experiences and voices as the evidence for successful inclusivity in schools reflected through school culture. In its quantitative part, the study found that majority of the respondents had a positive opinion regarding the implementation of inclusive enabling indicators pertaining to school culture. Overall the study found that all these 51 inclusive schools are moving forward to achieve inclusivity in schools. This study recommended that a standard definition of inclusive education and a viable model for the implementation of inclusivity in schools. Humanity Publications Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/implementation-of-inclusive-education-in-pakistan-a-case-of-school-culture https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Thriving at Work: The Effect of Psychological Capital on Teachers Burnout Symptoms Shagufta Anjum Shumaila Shehzad Hina Jalal Psychological Capital Burnout Symptoms Workplace Stress Performance Teachers Besides thriving primary school teachers' performance, we hypothesized that whether teachers' burnout at the workplace can be reversed through psychological capital or what type of relationship exists between them. Quantitative data were gathered from 1005 participants. All the respondents were associated with primary schools located in 4 districts of the Punjab province. The data collection was done through a questionnaire and inventory. The finding explained that participants' psychological capital is negatively associated with burnout frequency and burnout intensity. This strong negative relationship of psychological capital is greater with burnout intensity (r = -.537). It is estimated that teachers' psychological capital significantly has a predictive effect on burnout. It is difficult for educational trainers to gauge the high level of psychological capital. Therefore, an authentic scientific watch of burnout symptoms among teachers is recommended. This scrutiny may lead trainers and educationists to develop methods of raising psychological money after shortlisting them. Humanity Publications Ph.D. scholar, GC University Faisalabad, Senior Headmistress Government Juher Girls High School Gulberg Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, GC University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Faculty, University of Education, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/thriving-at-work-the-effect-of-psychological-capital-on-teachers-burnout-symptoms https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Variation in Leadership Styles Based on Gender and School System in Baltistan Region of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan Kamal Ud Din Zaheer Abbas Musarrat Habib Educational Leadership School Leadership School Principals Autocratic Leadership Styles Democratic Leadership Styles Situational Leadership Style Previous studies show divided views on how female-school-leadership styles differ from their male counterparts in both public and private schools. This survey designed research employed a structured questionnaire to collect data from one hundred (120) headteachers (63 male, 57 female) about their leadership styles practices from elementary schools of the Baltistan region. Schools were selected through stratified (public/private) random sampling from the four districts of Baltistan. Both descriptive and inferential statistical tools were used to analyze data. A statistically significant difference between male (M= 3.131, SD = .896) and females (Mean = 3.667, SD=.922) was found with respect to situational leadership only. Public schools principals practiced more autocratic styles as compared to private school principals. Female school principals were more democratic in both private as well as public schools than male principals. Situational leadership styles were more in practice across gender and the school system. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Development, Karakoram International University, Gilgit Balitstan, Pakistan. M. Phil Scholar, Department of Educational Development, Karakoram International University, Gilgit Balitstan, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/variation-in-leadership-styles-based-on-gender-and-school-system-in-baltistan-region-of-gilgitbaltistan-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Intrinsic Motivation on Student's Learning at Elementary Level Sana Khan Asifa Younas Intrinsic Motivation Students Education Elementary Level This research is conducted to examine the impact of intrinsic motivation on students' learning at the elementary level. The study seeks to understand which type of intrinsic motivation is more closely aligned to authentic student engagement as identified. A descriptive and qualitative research design was adopted, and data was collected from one elementary school teacher and students. The study population consists of all the public school teachers and students at the elementary level (for girls) of Faisalabad. An appropriate sample of public sector schools was selected through a random sampling technique. It consisted of 100 teachers and 200 students from these public schools at the elementary level for girls. Data were collected through questionnaires. The findings of the study may also help educational institutions. The result of this study may be a valuable addition to existing knowledge of emotional intelligence. The research implications are discussed the and a collection of strategies designed to promote intrinsic motivation is presented. This study will be helpful for teachers to understand the intrinsic motivation on students' learning. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Cyprus International University, North Cyprus, Cyprus Ph.D. Scholar, Lahore College Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-intrinsic-motivation-on-students-learning-at-elementary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Perceiving the Paradigm of Semester System and the State of Affairs in Running it in Higher Education Institutions in Pakistan Lubna Shoukat Muhammad Waheed Muhammad Shahzad Nawaz Semester System Credit Hour Flexibility Grade Point Average The semester system is, now a days, prevailing in almost every country around the world due to its more effective in conducting the process of teaching and learning. As with other systems, this system also has a specific philosophy that gives it a certain shape of semester. If it is to run with its genuine mode, then its philosophy should be understood. The ideas that work behind its functioning are flexibility, freedom, continuous assessment,relevant principles of evaluation and grading, self-assessment, and monitoring. In Pakistan, this system was introduced without genuine homework. Most of the teachers and other authorities who designed and developed this system were not trained on the semester system. The dominant number of teachers who are teaching in this system have studied under the annual system, and after inducting them in the semester system, no reasonable training was given to them. As a result, they do not know how to develop syllabi, what could be the teaching and assessment strategies suitable for the semester system, and how to utilize the concept of a credit hour to involve the students in continuous learning. Phenomenology, as the major approach, has been adopted to analyze the documents,observation, and discussion. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Research and Evaluation, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D scholar, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/perceiving-the-paradigm-of-semester-system-and-the-state-of-affairs-in-running-it-in-higher-education-institutions-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Effects of Violence in Television Programs on Social Behavior of Preschoolers: Parents Perceptions Sohail Mazhar Shamim Ullah Azhar Majeed Qureshi Violence Social Behavior Preschoolers The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of television violence on the social behavior of preschoolers. The design of the study was descriptive based on survey research. The population of the study consisted of all the mothers of a preschooler in Lahore, Pakistan. A sample comprised of 92 mothers of preschoolers of Allama Iqbal town Lahore and data were collected through a questionnaire. The findings of the present study show that there was an immense effect of television violence on the social behavior of preschoolers. Children apply things learned from television in their daily life, and the violence anticipated on television also promotes aggressive behavior. Humanity Publications Department of Education, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor of Science Education, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-effects-of-violence-in-television-programs-on-social-behavior-of-preschoolers-parents-perceptions https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).19 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Teachers Preferred Teaching Styles and Students' Learning Performance Muhammad Anees-ul-Hasnain Shah Shahbaz Ahmad Muhammad Naveed Khalid Teachers' Teaching Styles Students' Performance Teaching Preference The quality of teaching and learning improvement lies in its effectiveness that promotes teachers' teaching styles and its alignment with the pupils' learning styles has a vital impact in teaching-learning process at the university level. The current study explored the teachers' preferred teaching styles with pupils' learning performance in public sector universities in Punjab province. The population was all public sector universities students currently enrolled in the year 2019 to onward. The sample comprised three hundred students studying in different semesters at GC University Faisalabad and University of Education Faisalabad Campus. The researchers used an adapted instrument, "Grasha-Riechmann Teaching-Styles Inventory," with an Alpha reliability value (.931). The Data analysis was made were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that male teachers had used teaching styles more confidently than those female teachers. It was concluded that male pupils have higher learning performance than of female students. The researchers suggested that teachers should prepare a variety of teaching styles in developing and utilizing effective learning among students to improve the classroom learning environment. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Education Lahore, DG Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education Lahore, DG Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Resource Person, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/teachers-preferred-teaching-styles-and-students-learning-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).20 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Role of Mobile Learning in Enhancing Academic Achievement of Students at University Level Nazir Haider Shah Aks E Noor Muhammad Akhtar Mobile Learning Academic Achievement University Level The main objective of the study was to investigate the role of mobile learning in enhancing the academic achievement of students at the university level. The current study was descriptive in nature, and a survey method was applied for the conduction of the study. The targeted population was all the students of the University of Kotli, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir. The researcher selected 353 university students as a sample of the study. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was used as a research tool. Collected data were analyzed by using simple percentages, frequency, and mean scores. It is concluded that mobile technology enables students to engage in academic tasks, provides students with a unique learning experience; students collect information and research engines, engages students in computer and online learning. It is recommended that mobile learning can be improved by providing teacher training on behalf of university administrators for use in the process of teaching and learning. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Associate Lecturer, Department of Special Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/role-of-mobile-learning-in-enhancing-academic-achievement-of-students-at-university-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).21 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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An Analysis of the Issue of Burn-Out of School Teachers: Looking Back, Looking Forward Brekhna Gul Younas Khan Safia Bahadur Burnout School Teachers Job Stress Job Satisfaction Working Relation Abstract: Is there any relationship between organizational culture and teacher's burnout in schools? This is a hot question asking for an answer. This research study has been conducted to explore and understand this relationship. Literature provides for a different outcomes from different studies in different settings and countries. However, majority of studies provide for and establish the relationship between organizational culture and burnout. It suggests that poor or unconducive organizational culture where there is a lack of opportunities for promotions, growth and other professional rewards provide an imputes for teachers to quit jobs. Exactly the opposite happens if there are opportunities for growth and development and teachers prefer to stay with their jobs for longer. However, certain findings in different countries challenge this assumed relationship on empirical grounds and suggest that there may be other factors that contribute to teachers' burnout in schools. In the course of this research work, secondary sources of which the majority are books are consulted to establish the assumed relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Humanity Publications Lecturer in Political Science, University College for Women, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, Islamia College University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/an-analysis-of-the-issue-of-burnout-of-school-teachers-looking-back-looking-forward https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).23 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effectiveness of Virtual Laboratory Experiments for Academic Excellence of Chemistry Students at Secondary Level Wajiha Kanwal Hamid Ali Nadeem Sher Muhammad Awan Virtual Lab (VL) Academic Achievement Comprehension Cognitive This study aimed to find the effectiveness of virtual lab experiments. Quasi-Experimental was the design for this study. This study was conducted in Islamabad. Chemistry students of secondary level were selected from the Islamabad model school for boys for experimentation. Control and experimental groups were served the pretest. The experimental group was taught through virtual labs. This treatment was given for 6-weeks. To measure the achievement score of both groups, a post test comprising of the content taught during the intervention post test was administered. The post test included items of the first three levels of Bloom's taxonomy related to the experiments of chemistry included in the intervention. The t-statistics were used for each control and experimental group separately. The VL had an extensive impact on academic achievement in terms of knowledge, comprehension, and application-level of the students. Humanity Publications HoD, Department of Education, University of Wah, Wah Cantonment, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Educational Planning, Policy Studies and Leadership (EPPSL), Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Socials Sciences and Humanities, Hamdard University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effectiveness-of-virtual-laboratory-experiments-for-academic-excellence-of-chemistry-students-at-secondary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).24 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Head Teacher Leadership Style on the Performance of Teachers at Secondary Level Anila Kanwal Leadership Styles Teachers Performance Secondary Level The main objective of this research study was to find out the impact of headteacher leadership style on the performance of teachers at the secondary level in district Khanewal. The population size of this research study was 3840. The sample size of this research study was 360 teachers. The data was collected by the researcher through visiting the Institutions physically. The findings of this research study show that there is a strong impact of head teacher leadership style on the performance of the teachers, and there was a significant difference in the performance of teachers based on principles leadership style. So based on the findings of this study, it was recommended that HT should behave politely and facilitate the teachers so that teachers' performance may be increased. It was also recommended that a headteacher should not adopt only a single leadership style, but instead,he/she should adopt various leadership styles. Humanity Publications MPhil. Scholar Education, Leadership and Management Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-head-teacher-leadership-style-on-the-performance-of-teachers-at-secondary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).25 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Study of Challenges Related to Relevance, Effectiveness and Sustainability of Educational Intervention by Non-Governmental Organizations Sumaira Majeed Rizwan Ahmad Hina Iqbal Non-Governmental Organizations Effectiveness and Sustainability Initiatives Pakistan is the 6th most populous country in the world. Owing to limited resources, some part of the population lives at an extreme poverty level. The public education system does not fulfil the needs of society. NGOs exist in developing countries in a large number and assist the government in a non-official capacity to contribute to the development of the country. They have to face a large number of challenges. There is a need to investigate the effectiveness of the initiatives completed by different NGOs. The research was based on a mixed-method approach. The design of the study was a case study. Data was collected after the completion of the initiatives of the selected cases. Multiple instruments were used to collect the data. The data of one initiative shows that it is not completed effectively, and the score of the other initiative shows that it is completed effectively. The members faced societal resistance, funding issues. Management of staff, communication gap, overload of work, the willingness of teachers, lack of interest of school staff and accountability issues and different government issues for the relevance of the initiative that must fulfil the needs of the society. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-study-of-challenges-related-to-relevance-effectiveness-and-sustainability-of-educational-intervention-by-nongovernmental-organizations https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Students' Self-Regulation in Online Learning and its Effect on their Academic Achievement Mahvish Fatima Kashif Rooha Shahid Online learning Self-Regulation Academic Achievement The landscape of teaching has been changed due to online learning experiences. Due to its potential for greater flexibility, access, and responsiveness to learning experiences, it has many benefits for learners as well as higher institutions. Thus, the objective of the study was to investigate students self-regulation in online learning and its effect on their academic achievement at the undergraduate level. The study was quantitative in nature; a causal comparative research design was used. A questionnaire (SOL-Q-R) revised by Jansen et al. (2017) was used to measure the self-regulation of students. The total population was 1790 students, 1180 from public and 610 from private universities. A sample of 450 respondents was selected by using a stratified random sampling technique. The result showed that self-regulation has a significant effect on academic achievement. Students who have a high level of self-regulation were shown higher academic achievement. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/students-selfregulation-in-online-learning-and-its-effect-on-their-academic-achievement https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Developments on Technology Integration in Language Teaching and Learning Saima Iqbal Safia Niazi Muhammad Hafeez Language Teaching Integration Technology Strategies The way people obtain information, learn, and connect with others across the world has changed dramatically as a result of technological advancements. Technology has eliminated distance constraints, allowing higher education to efficiently teach anybody. In order to improve teaching and learning, technology integration is becoming more common in classrooms. A better pattern for recognizing new teaching models has evolved as a result of the fast expansion of technology integration. As a result, it is critical in both learning and teaching language skills. There are numerous advantages to using technology to offer an environment for teaching and learning English skills. The objectives of the current review article were to discover answers to the issues of how technology integration promotes language learning and what the most current developments in language learning are. According to research, introducing technology into classrooms substantially improved teaching and learning English language skills. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Lyari, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Lyari, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Research Scholar, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/developments-on-technology-integration-in-language-teaching-and-learning https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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An Analysis of Equity in Secondary School Education: A Headteachers' Perspective Tahira Roohi Muhammad Hamzah Masood Rukhshanda Mushtaq Equitable System Design Practices Resources School Heads Education This paper deals with the perception of headteachers concerning an equitable secondary school education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Utilizing survey research methodology, the data were congregated from 36 headteachers via a questionnaire. The questionnaire had two components: component one sought participants' demographic information, whilst component two searched an equitable secondary school education-related practices, capabilities, and accountabilities of secondary school heads. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Correlation. The study originated that school heads could serve as pillars and advisers for school personnel in developing school system design, implementing in-out-school practices, providing school resources as a mentor, and advocating. It was concluded that there is a strong relationship between secondary school system design, in-out-school practices and secondary school resources. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Sarhad University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Institute of Liberal Arts, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/an-analysis-of-equity-in-secondary-school-education-a-headteachers-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Challenges Faced by Students with Low Vision in Preparing for their Public Exams: A Qualitative Study Afshan Khalid Yaar Muhammad Sajid Masood Challenges Exam Preparation Students with Low Vision Students with low vision often face problems during their academic careers. The study main purpose was to identify the challenges faced by the students with low vision in preparing for their public exams. The researcher developed a semi-structured interview for data collection from students with low vision. The thematic analysis technique was used to analyze the data. The present study revealed that the majority of the students with low vision had no access to learning material and supportive services. It was found that insufficient government support in terms of budget, inadequate policies, and built environments hinder students with low vision in preparing for their exams; hence, most respondents depend on others to complete their assignments. Also, non-supportive physical environments are adding much to their mobility issues. Participants detailed description in this study will guide school administration, policymakers, examiners, services providers, and parents. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/challenges-faced-by-students-with-low-vision-in-preparing-for-their-public-exams-a-qualitative-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Technology-based Teaching on Learners during Covid-19 Pandemic Lockdo.. Abdul Khaliq Rasheed Ahmad Asma Asif Children Technological Gadgets Positive Effects Negative Effects Parenting During Covid-19 students attended their classes on line with the use of technological gadgets at home. The purpose of the current study is to explore the perceptions (negative or positive) of parents about the use of technological gadgets by their children, during Covid-19 pandemic lock down period to attend their classes. For this purpose, cluster sampling technique was applied to collect data from 177 parents whose children were using technological gadgets to attend their classes. Data were collected through a questionnaire and were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings reveal that most of the parents have a positive belief about the use of gadgets. Whereas most of the parents are aware of the harmful effects of excessive use of technological gadgets. On the basis of findings, parents are advised to keep strict checks and balances of their children while using their technological gadgets to save them. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Social and Allied Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, Department of English Literature, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, Department of Social and Allied Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-technologybased-teaching-on-learners-during-covid19-pandemic-lockdown https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-III).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Motivational Techniques Used by Elementary School Teachers: A Comparative Analysis based on Gender Nazir Haider Shah Muhammad Naqeeb ul Khalil Shaheen Sobia Yaseen Motivational Techniques Gender Elementary school Teachers The study aimed to compare the emotional techniques of males and females at the elementary school level in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The nature of this study was descriptive, and a cross-sectional survey was applied for the collection of data. All male and female teachers working in the elementary school of district Sudhnuti were the population of the study. Three hundred nine elementary school teachers of District Sudhnuti were selected by using a random sampling technique. A questionnaire was developed to collect data based on a five-point Like rt scale from elementary school teachers. For data collection, the researcher collected the data personally from the nearest areas while using the postal service for far-flung areas. The data collected through the questionnaire were analyzed by using mean scores and an independent sample t-test. It was found that there is a significant difference in the mean score of male and female teachers regarding motivational techniques. Furthermore, female teachers are using all the motivational techniques instead of male teachers. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/motivational-techniques-used-by-elementary-school-teachers-a-comparative-analysis-based-on-gender https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-III).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Detection of Differential Item Functioning Using Mantel-Haenszel, Standardization Proportion and BILOG-MG Procedures Muhammad Naveed Khalid Farah Shafiq Shehzad Ahmed Differential Item Functioning Effect Size Classification MH SPD BILOG-MG Differential item functioning (DIF) is a procedure to identify whether an item favours a particular group of respondents once they are matched on respective ability levels. There are numerous procedures reported in the literature to detect DIF, but the Mantel-Haenszel (MH), Standardized Proportion Difference (SPD), and BILOG-MG are frequently used to ensure the fairness of assessments. The aim of the present study was to compare procedural characteristics using empirical data. We found Mantel-Haenszel and standardized proportion difference provide comparable results while BILOG-MG has flagged a large number of items, but the magnitude of DIF was trivial from a test development perspective. The results also showed Mantel-Haenszel and standardized proportion difference index provide the effect size measure of DIF, which facilitates for further necessary actions, especially for item writers and practitioners. Humanity Publications Resource Person, Allama Iqbal Open University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/detection-of-differential-item-functioning-using-mantelhaenszel-standardization-proportion-and-bilogmg-procedures https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-III).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Effect of Digital Pedagogy in Science Classroom as an Innovative Approach for Students Learning at Elementary Level Asma Ihsan Shahzada Qaisar Related Services Incentives Four Disabilities Parental Perception The paradigm shift of learning in the digital age requires teachers to adapt their classrooms in a technology-supported environment. This research study is intended to investigate the viability of digital pedagogy lessons at the elementary level. A qualitative case-study approach has been adopted to explore the effects on students learning and their attitude towards science. The 7th class of a public elementary school from District Kasur was selected. The topic of "Water" from the recommended curriculum of science was taught with an intervention. Data was collected through recorded video observations, and classroom discourse was analyzed to explore the productive potential of digital pedagogy lessons for the elementary level Science class. The research findings propose to use digital tools in the classroom for productive and quality learning specifically to enhance the quality of teaching-learning with minimal resources in developing countries that are facing critique for providing the low quality of education. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, University of Education, Township Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-effect-of-digital-pedagogy-in-science-classroom-as-an-innovative-approach-for-students-learning-at-elementary-level- https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-III).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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A Study on Soft Skills and their Practice by Undergraduate Students Qurat-ul-Ain Shabbir Afshan Rahat Related Services Incentives Four Disabilities Parental Perception This analyzed the soft skills of university among university students; and their role in the lives of graduates. Teachers and students were the subjects of the study. Two questionnaires were used as research instruments for the collection of data. Collected data was analyzed by using a percentage as a statistical tool. The study demonstrated that the soft skills play an important role in the social and professional life of the student. The main recommendations of the study are that curricular and co-curricular activities would be included in the curriculum, the seminar would be conducted, and the environment would be positive to enhance leadership ability among university students. Humanity Publications Associate Lecturer, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-study-on-soft-skills-and-their-practice-by-undergraduate-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-III).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Effect of Emotional Intelligence and Stability of Teachers on Academic Performance of the Students at Secondary Level in Rawalpindi Nayyar Sultana Aleena Chaudhry Almas Ikram Kiani Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Emotional Stability (ES) Academic Performance Teachers and Students Secondary Level The study was conducted to find out the need of emotional intelligence and stability of teachers and students in the classroom at the secondary level. A sample of 294 students and 114 teachers from different male and female schools were selected. Data were collected the data through a questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale and interview guide. Data were analyzed through SPSS. Stratified sampling technique and Consecutive sampling technique were applied. The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between teachers' teaching competency and their emotional intelligence. The study also indicated that emotional intelligence and stability are not influenced by gender. The results identify that teachers' emotional intelligence and stability have a great effect on students' academic performance. Humanity Publications Lecturer, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-emotional-intelligence-and-stability-of-teachers-on-academic-performance-of-the-students-at-secondary-level-in-rawalpindi https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-III).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Explore Areas of Needed Support, Competencies, Attitudes, and Concerns of Elementary School Teachers for Inclusion of CWDS in Elementary Schools of Punjab Muhammad Umar Mehmood Zahida Parveen IE (Inclusive Education) CWPDs (Children with physical disabilities) ESTs (Elementary School Teachers) SED (School Education Department) PHC (Physically handicapped children) MCC (mentally challe Punjab has 310 special education centers with 7 Percent CWPDs. CWPDs are primarily considered for inclusion. In Punjab, 3549 Male Elementary schools have 12 44,137 students in SED. The study aimed to explore areas of needed support, competencies, attitudes, and concerns of ESTs for inclusion in elementary schools. A qualitative approach with exploratory research was used. 36 ESTs teaching CWPDs in the mainstream from 12 districts of Punjab selected by purposive sampling, interviewed with semi-structured interview protocol. Through thematic analysis, it found that teachers teaching CWPDs in the mainstream have a concept of IE. They believe inclusion will be successful while parties are involved; otherwise, inclusion will be just an unrealistic idea because few teachers can't change the whole setup. Govt. should take action to make it possible as this is an international voice. This study will be helpful in developing teacher support programs for successful inclusion and explore visions of universities for up-gradation of the content of professional degrees. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, University of Education, Lower Mall Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/explore-areas-of-needed-support-competencies-attitudes-and-concerns-of-elementary-school-teachers-for-inclusion-of-cwds-in-elementary-schools-of-punja https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-III).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The SAMR Model and Bloom's Taxonomy as a Framework for Evaluating Technology Integration at University Level Zia Ur Rehman Wajeeha Aurangzeb SAMR Model Blooms' Revised Taxonomy Technology Integration ICT (Information and Communication Technology) The purpose of this study was to find out the difference in opinions of the tertiary level teachers regarding technology integration in teaching. The study used a survey method. Participants for data collection were 14% faculty of Social Sciences, Engineering, and Computer Science which were sampled through the proportional stratified sampling technique. The study used a self-developed questionnaire in support of the SAMR (Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, and Redefinition) Model while coupling it with Bloom's revised taxonomy. Findings revealed that the opinions of both public and private sector teachers were better aligned with the study framework. A significant difference was found among teachers' perceptions based on sector (public and private). The study recommended integrating practical components or approaches to ICT usage in training programs and workshops introducing new teaching models and techniques. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-samr-model-and-blooms-taxonomy-as-a-framework-for-evaluating-technology-integration-at-university-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Application of Cooperative Learning Techniques to Academic Performance of 11th Class Civics Students Jamal Shah Imtiaz Ahmad Faqir Taj Traditional Learning Cooperative Learning Learning Techniques Academic Achievements Positive Interdependence Individual Responsibility and Group Processing In comparison to traditional learning approaches, Cooperative Learning (CL) is a modern teaching strategy for improving academic performance. Educational institutions in the developed states, as compared to that of developing states, make effective use of CL techniques to enhance students academic achievements. This research is an attempt in that direction which is conducted on a sample of 70 male students of class 11th in the subject of Civics in Government Post Graduate College, Mardan. The 70 students were divided into two equal groups named experimental and control groups where the learning techniques, i.e., traditional and CL, were implemented. The impacts of both the learning methods on studentsÂ’ academic performance were investigated. It showed a significant difference in academic achievements of male students taught through the traditional methods and CL techniques. The findings also showed that CL has very positive impacts on students social and academic behaviors, increases their interest in learning. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Government Post Graduate College, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Bacha Khan University Charsadda. KP, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/application-of-cooperative-learning-techniques-to-academic-performance-of-11th-class-civics-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Effect of Teachers' Self Efficacy and Instructional Strategies on Students' Engagement at Secondary School Level Sadia Khalid Mumtaz Akhter Teachers' Efficacy Instructional Strategies Students' Engagement The concept of self-efficacy was developed initially by Albert Bandura and has been defined as the personal belief that one can perform appropriately and effectively to attain specific goals related to any field. Self efficacy is a self-system that controls all our activities, including appropriate professional knowledge and skills.Teachers' self-efficacy is the belief that teachers have about their abilities and skills as educators. Both on an individualized and collective scale, teachers' efficacy is one of the strongest predictors of student engagement. This study explored the effect of teachers' self-efficacy and instructional strategies on students' engagement at the secondary school level in Punjab. So, the teachers with relatively higher self-efficacy would have extraordinary ability to engage students with the material, pedagogical practice, and control of the classroom environment. The study followed the causal-comparative research design that attempted to find relationships between independent and dependent variables. The researcher developed the questionnaire by herself, consisting of 60 items in total. The questionnaire sample comprised 1250 secondary school teachers from Punjab. Quantitative data on teachers' self efficacy was determined by computing the means of the TSES items. In addition to descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and multiple linear regression were used. This study may be helpful in future studies and teacher educators to understand teachers' sense of efficacy beliefs, which influence the teaching behaviors of the teachers in the classroom and students' engagement. Humanity Publications Phd Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, University of Management % Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-teachers-self-efficacy-and-instructional-strategies-on-students-engagement-at-secondary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Exploring the Writing Challenges Faced by M.Phil. and Ph.D. Scholars: A Case Study Hina Iqbal Muhammad Saeed - Academic writing plays a pivotal role in developing research proposals. The present study aimed to explore the grammatical errors that M.Phil/PhDs scholars commit in academic writing. The present study employed a qualitative case study designed to explore the challenges in the English language faced by the M.Phil and PhDs scholars. The 20 Ph.D. and 36 M.Phil scholars were selected by busing purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by using two self-developed semi-structured interviews protocol. Thematic analysis approach was employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that all the participants reported that correct use of tenses was a big hurdle that entailed the other grammatical mistakes and reduced the report quality because all the lexical aspects are linked with these mechanics. The study recommended that English language courses be offered to postgraduate,M. Phil and Ph.D. scholars to learn the technical aspects of the language and provide students with online interactive programming Humanity Publications Ph.D Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Former Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-writing-challenges-faced-by-mphil-and-phd-scholars-a-case-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Level of Inclusive Leadership Qualities of a Leader: A Perceptions of the Teachers of Tertiary Institutions in Sindh Pakistan Lubna Oad S Khurram Khan Alwi Inclusive Leadership Tertiary Teachers Current Practices Teachers' Performance In this study, teachers' perceptions of leaders' inclusive leadership skills were examined to improve their work performance. This study employed a survey research design of a quantitative approach. A sample of 389 teachers of public universities of Sindh, Pakistan, was drawn through a stratified random sampling technique. This study revealed that the heads could play a fundamental role in teachers' job performance by facilitating need-based intervention based on teachers' capacities and innovative attitudes. However, the study findings suggest a shift in the university's organizational structure by listening openly and being accessible, available in diverse situations. Further, the null hypothesis was accepted that both genders have the same opinions about the level of inclusive leadership qualities and viewed that heads' Inclusive leadership (IL) style can enhance proactive behavior of faculty members. Researchers found the theoretical and practical implications for future studies Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Associate Professor, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/level-of-inclusive-leadership-qualities-of-a-leader-a-perceptions-of-the-teachers-of-tertiary-institutions-in-sindh-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Inquiry-Based Learning Practices for Science Teaching in Elementary Grades: A Literature Review of the Asian Countries Mahmood Ahmed Dool Naeem Akhtar Najmunnisa Khan Inquiry-based Learning Science Literacy Scientific Skills Student-Centered Learning Elementary Grade Inquiry-based learning (IBL) is a student-centered approach of instruction that aims at increasing students' active engagement and their skills of investigation, reflection, and critical thinking within real-world expressions and practices. This literature review includes mostly those research studies in which a quasi-experimental approach was used, followed by a pretest-post test design with random allocation of research participants. As per the aim of this literature review, those research studies were included where elementary grade students were selected as research participants to investigate the effects of IBL approaches on students' science literacy and skills. One of the engaging lessons from this review shows that IBL approach science skills are described as two sides of the same coin. Additionally, almost all reviewed studies defined IBL as students centered approach. Moreover, the effects of IBL are also discussed in detail. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, (SZABIST)/ Assistant Professor, Department of Education, IBA Community College, Near PCB Ground, Shikarpur Road, Jacobabad, Sindh, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Associate Professor/Chairperson, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/inquirybased-learning-practices-for-science-teaching-in-elementary-grades-a-literature-review-of-the-asian-countries https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Educating Dropouts in Rural Areas: Capacity Building of Teacher Trainers Rukhsana Durrani Humaira Akram Shamsa Kanwal Dropped Out Education Capacity Building Trainer Training This study was designed to explore the effectiveness of training, which was arranged for the capacity building of trainers of teachers. These trainers were further responsible for the training of teachers who were teaching dropped out girls in the rural areas of Pakistan. This capacity-building training consisted of the trainers' professional development and subject knowledge enhancement. The training sessions were monitoring and evaluation, communication skills, Gender and protection, adult psychology, and teaching techniques of language, science, and mathematics of elementary level of education of dropped out learners. All 125 trainers were selected for obtaining the responses. It was mixed-method research, and data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. The data results revealed that the training workshop sessions remained very fruitful for trainers, and it increased their learning about the teaching profession and teaching to dropped out students in marginalized areas. Humanity Publications Lecturer, ECE and ETE-Allama Iqbal open University Islamabad, Pakistan. Teaching and Research Associate, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Field Coordinator, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/educating-dropouts-in-rural-areas-capacity-building-of-teacher-trainers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Gender-Based Analysis of Locus of Control among University Teachers Benazir Ayesha Shazia Zamir Locus of Control Gender University Teachers The purpose of the present study was to analyze the gender difference with the locus of control among university teachers. The major objective of this research was to explore gender-based analysis among university teachers regarding the locus of control. All public sector university teachers of Islamabad were the population of this study. A simple random sampling technique was applied in order to select a representative sample from the population. The study sample consisted of 100 teachers (51 males and 49 females) from 5 public sector universities. The researcher developed locus of control instrument consisting of twenty-seven items. For data tabulation and analysis, appropriate statistical tools were used. The analysis of data showed that there was a significant difference exist between locus of control and gender. It may be recommended that awareness programs of internal locus of control should be conducted by the higher authorities in the universities for female educators. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, NUML, Islamabad, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Education, NUML, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/genderbased-analysis-of-locus-of-control-among-university-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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A Phenomenological Exploration of School Leadership Development Programme: Improved Practices of School Leaders a Breakthrough Triumph in the Province of Punjab Samia Saleem Muhammad Saeed School Leadership Development Programme Effective School Heads The major driver of the phenomenology research was to explore the lived experiences of school heads about the School Leadership Development Programme (SLDP) in improved practices of leadership in terms of knowledge, skills, and attitudes in public sector schools of Punjab. The sample of the study was based on the geographical distribution of the province of Punjab i.e., central, southern and northern. The seven districts were taken, and 14 SHs were selected through purposive sampling. The in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted after the prior consent of the participants. The instruments were self-developed and validated from five experts along with Mock interview practice. The researcher collected the data personally, and thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that SLDP is inseparable in the development of improved practices of SHs. It was strongly recommended to continue the SLDP encased with certain paraphernalia to get better results in the future. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Former Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-phenomenological-exploration-of-school-leadership-development-programme-improved-practices-of-school-leaders-a-breakthrough-triumph-in-the-province-of-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Sexual Harassment in Universities: Situational Analysis in Pakistan Farah Latif Naz Shabiha Anjum Mozza Masood Harassment Women University Students The purpose of the study was to analyze "sexual harassment and its psychological effects on the students at the university level." The objectives of the study were to identify the awareness and the causes of sexual harassment among university students. The main purpose of the study was to identify the factors that caused the increasing rate of sexual harassment in educational institutions. The data was collected with a five-point Like rt scale that consisted of thirty-nine (39 statements). The statements were further divided into five (05) factors. The factors related to ethnicity and gender, awareness about sexual harassment act, causes of sexual harassment, reporting of sexual harassment, psychological impacts of sexual harassment. A sample of three hundred (300) students was randomly selected out of the whole population of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, from fifteen departments with equal ratios, male (150) and female (150) students were selected. The obtained scores were analyzed using different statistical methods. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) was used for statistical data analysis. The results show that at university, girls try to impress others with their styles and gestures. This research indicated that psychological effects on the students are notable as they suffered mental trauma, stress, and anxiety. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Research Scholar (Ph.D.), Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Research Scholar (M.Phil), Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/sexual-harassment-in-universities-situational-analysis-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Impact of Teacher Professional Characteristics on Students’ Academic Achievement at Secondary School Level Abid Khan Rahmatullah Shah Gulap Shahzada Academic Achievement Characteristics Teacher Profession This research paper investigated the effect of teachers' professional characteristics on students' academic achievement in secondary schools of district Bannu. The population of the study constituted all public secondary schools of district Bannu. For a collection of data and generalization of results, 600 respondents were taken as a sample. The sample was drawn by using the Stratified Random Sampling technique. For data collection, a self-developed questionnaire was used. For students' academic achievement self-developed Achievement test was used. The data was analyzed by using Linear Regression. The results show those secondary school teachers' professional characteristics such as teacher subject knowledge, teaching prowess, teacher-student relationship, and communication skills are significant predictors of students' academic achievement. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of Science and Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of Science and Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of Science and Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-teacher-professional-characteristics-on-students-academic-achievement-at-secondary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Teachers' Mindful Conception about the Use of STEM Education at Secondary School Level Khadija Rafeeq Muhammad Qasim Ali Naveed Zainab STEM Education Secondary School Level Education A nation's progress rests on its people, and current economic growth conditions demand high-quality education. Modern science education has been superseded by STEM education. The objectives were 1) to find out secondary school teachers' awareness about the use of STEM-based education and its challenges and the relationship between teachers' understanding and use of STEM at the secondary school level. It was descriptive research and used a self-developed questionnaire for data collection from the respondents. A sample of secondary school teachers (350) was selected through a simple random sampling technique. Statistical tests of minimum, maximum, mean score, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation were applied to the collected data. The study concluded that teachers are aware of STEM-based education, and in line with their awareness, they make the most exclusive use of STEM-based education to enhance students' critical and creative thinking abilities. Humanity Publications MS (Scholar), Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. MS (Scholar), Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/teachers-mindful-conception-about-the-use-of-stem-education-at-secondary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Cooperative Learning: Effect on Prospective Teachers' Metacognitive Skills Development at University Level Muhammad Shahid Zulfiqar Ali Ghazal Khalid Siddiqui Naila Zarar Cooperative Learning Prospective Teachers Metacognition Metacognitive Skills This study was conducted while using the Quasi-Experimental design to examine the effect of Cooperative learning on prospective teachers' Meta cognitive skills. The sample for this study included two sections/ groups, each comprising 40 students (40 males 40 females=80) enrolled in the fifth Semester of the B.Ed Honors program in a public university. One of the sections was declared as the Experimental, whereas the other as the Controlled group. The understudy sections were pre-tested, and then the experimental group was exposed to the intervention (cooperative learning strategy), which lasted for one Semester. Both sections were post-tested after the completion of the intervention. Meta cognitive Skills Assessment Tool (MSAT) was used for pre and post-test. Based on the results, it is concluded that Cooperative Learning helps develop Meta cognitive skills in prospective teachers. Therefore, it is recommended that the teachers should teach while using the Cooperative learning approach. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/cooperative-learning-effect-on-prospective-teachers-metacognitive-skills-development-at-university-level- https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Availability of Special Education Related Services and Incentives for Children with Special Needs in Government Special Education Centres in Punjab: A Survey of Parental Perception Ghazala Yasmeen Azhar Mumtaz Saadi Related Services Incentives Four Disabilities Parental Perception Parents' involvement in the rehabilitation process is very important. Parental views about the availability of related services and incentives are the significant indicators of their required particular needs. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the level of available related services and incentives in special education centers and to highlight their specific and suggestions for improvement of these services for students of four disabilities studying in these centers. A survey was conducted from 2019 to 2020 to collect data about demographic characteristics and information about related services and incentives provided to these special students from their parents and also their suggestions to improve these services. The sample consisted of 36 government special education centers at the Tehsil level, from which 479 questionnaires, filled by the parents of students, were received back. The results emphasized the low education and income of the parents, increasing incidence of disability in the families of special children, lack of available services and incentives in these centers, and acknowledged parental suggestions and recommendations. It was concluded from the survey that future planning of provisions of related services and incentives might be more helpful and effective if based on the requirements and preferences conveyed by parents of special students with four disabilities. Humanity Publications Ph.D Scholar, Department of Educational Planning, Policy Studies and Leadership, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Planning, Policy Studies and Leadership, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/availability-of-special-education-related-services-and-incentives-for-children-with-special-needs-in-government-special-education-centres-in-punjab-a- https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Conflict Management Practices of University Teachers Mushtaq Ahmad Muhammad Naveed Khalid Farah Shafiq Student-teacher Conflict Conflict Management Practices University Teachers This study was conducted to explore the conflict management practices of the University of Sargodha. All the teachers of the University of Sargodha teaching undergraduate programs were the population of the study. Twelve departments were randomly selected, and 120 teachers teaching undergraduates were selected for the sample. A self-developed conflict management practices scale discussed with five Ph.D. experts and pilot tested on 50 teachers showing reliability coefficient Cronbach's alpha value 0.763 was used. Mean, standard deviations, frequencies, percentage, person correlation, regression, t-test, and ANOVA were applied to analyze the data. The major findings were; Majority of the teachers use all types of high and moderate levels of conflict management practices, and female teachers use better conflict management practices as compared to males. It is recommended that university teachers may be given conflict management training for better management of student-teacher conflicts. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Resource Person, Allama Iqbal Open University, Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/conflict-management-practices-of-university-teachers- https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Critical Discourse Analysis of Nelson Mandela's Political Speeches Shumaila Roohi Muhammad Asif Rana Imran Ali Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) Modern Linguistics Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) Nelson Mandela Discourse refers to a dire system related to the meaning or a set of statements that are organized systematically which gives distinct meaning and identity of an institution or society. CDA is related to the analysis of both spoken and written forms in the lens of elegant and expansive practicing a particular social setting such as domination, hegemony, racial discrimination, as well as a violation of basic human rights. This research has been conducted aims to explore the CDA of Mandela's Speeches from the perspective of Halliday's SFG, particularly the three Meta-functions. And also highlights the various functions of the Meta-functions. It also finds out the various elements of the Meta-functions used in Mandela's discourse (especially his two selected political speeches). It foregrounds why Mandela focuses on the use of SFG in his discourse. Meanwhile, the study also focuses, in general, on how SFG makes language effective. The qualitative method has been used for this study. The secondary data were used in this study, and ten speeches were selected for data analysis. All the speeches of Nelson Mandela have been critically explored through Systematic Functional Grammar. Various steps were taken to test the hypothesis “the effectiveness of Mandela's discourse is based on "Systemic Functional Grammar (particularly the three Meta-functions of Halliday)."However, the results also support the hypothesis. The present research also suggests recommendations for further improvement. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of English, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. School of Foreign Languages, Shanghai University, China. Faculty of English, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/critical-discourse-analysis-of-nelson-mandelas-political-speeches https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Microteaching: An Effective Stratagem for Novice Teachers of English Language Abdullah Laghari Inayatullah Kakepoto Faheem Arshad Microteaching Reflection Feedback Pedagogy Novice Teachers Pedagogy plays a paramount role in academics for effective teaching and learning. Micro teaching is a pedagogical tool used to augment the teaching skills of novice or pre service teachers of schools, colleges, and universities, imparting quality education to students. It eulogizes teaching techniques and strategies to gain learning outcomes through planned lessons. This research aims at exploring Micro teaching skills and strategies of novice teachers enrolled in the Applied Linguistics Master degree program. A qualitative research design was employed to draw research results. Research tools were observation, note-taking, and video recording. Micro teaching lessons comprised action research cycle plan, teach, observe and reflect. Feedback demonstrated that participants reflected better teaching outcomes following Micro teaching Cycle Plan. The results exhibited that Micro teaching plays an essential role for novice English language student teachers. Results recommend that Micro teaching should be made part of teacher training programs and should be part of the university curriculum. Hence, the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan should launch fresh teacher training programs for teachers of Pakistan. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of English, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. Professor, Department of English, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of English, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/microteaching-an-effective-stratagem-for-novice-teachers-of-english-language https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Impact of Community of Practice (COPs) on Inter-University Research Partnerships and Socio-Collaborative Culture in Balochistan Ghazala Yaqoob Saubia Ramzan Nagina Gul Knowledge Management Community of Practice Academic Alliance Research Partnership Research Collaborative Environment Socio-collaborative Culture Foundations of Higher Education (HE), public and private, are going through a critical state while going through subsidizing or funding cuts, educational cost increments, and layoffs. An all-encompassing methodology is fundamental whereby greatness in instructing and learning just as research examination ought to be a definitive point of the objective. Among the different approaches to accomplish this is the advancement of communities of practices (CoPs) among the scholastic academics. In this manner, CoPs are to be viewed as an extension of any program to accomplish excellence because it is the sharing of the tacit knowledge that impacts any association in its interest for a competitive advantage. This research examination presents that CoPs positively influence creating academic linkages/collisions with different other universities of the region for knowledge-sharing. It explains the overall impact of CoPs on building collisions among universities. The explorative research study follows a mixed-method approach with qualitative and quantitative research design. However, the research examination concludes that CoP impacts the cycle of knowledge sharing by creating and overseeing linkages among universities to advance explorative research culture and innovation. In light of the findings, the research investigation suggests further skylines for comparative exploratory research relating to the transfer of knowledge and barriers in knowledge sharing for CoPs inside institutions and organizations. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Dean, Faculty of Management Sciences, Business and IT, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan Assistant Professor of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS) Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-community-of-practice-cops-on-interuniversity-research-partnerships-and-sociocollaborative-culture-in-balochistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Effectiveness of Process-Oriented Approach in the Development of English Writing Skills of Undergraduate Students Rukhshanda Mushtaq Naveed Ahmad Taseer Uzma Khalid Ghori Process-oriented Approach Language Learning Writing Skills Undergraduate Students Essay Writing Writing is an essential part of second language learning, and students face many problems while learning about writing. The objective of this study is to figure out the problems faced by the students while writing. This mixed-method study investigates the effect of the process-oriented approach in developing writing skills among eighty undergraduate students of the first semester at various universities across Pakistan. The data was collected online, and the researchers conducted per-and post-test to check the language, vocabulary, coherence, and cohesion in students' writings. The participants wrote an essay containing 350-500 words taken as the sample to discuss the findings. The per-test revealed that students faced too many writing difficulties, and the post-test showed improvement in writing. The results showed that students have positive attitudes towards using the process-oriented approach in improving their writing skills. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Wah (UW), Wah Cantonment, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil English, Department of English, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan/Mphil Education, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Education, University of Wah (UW), Wah Cantonment, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effectiveness-of-processoriented-approach-in-the-development-of-english-writing-skills-of-undergraduate-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).19 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Perception of University Students Regarding the Role of Quality Enhancement Cells in the Universities of KP Mariam Mahsood Malik Amer Atta Sajid Anwar Perceived Quality Enhancement Education Level (MPhil/PhD) Gender The Prime aim of this study was to examine and scrutinize the perception of university students concerning the main objective of quality enhancement cells in enhancing the quality of education in the HEIs of KP. The study was conducted by cross-sectional survey design. A sample of 300 MPhil and Ph.D. scholars were collected from different universities of KP. For the collection of the sample, the Purposive Sampling Technique was employed. SPSS (Version-23) was used for testing the objectives of the study. Findings of the study revealed that university students had perceived satisfaction with research culture, students' performance, and conduction of workshops/seminars. However, students were not satisfied with the teacher's performance and infrastructure facilities. MPhil students perceived better satisfaction on the role of quality enhancement cells in university as compared to Ph.D. students. Similarly, men were more satisfied with perceived enhancement in university as women. The study has implications in academic settings. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar Institute of Education and Research, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of English Language and Literature Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/perception-of-university-students-regarding-the-role-of-quality-enhancement-cells-in-the-universities-of-kp https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).20 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Continuous Professional Development (CPD) and Quality Education of Primary School Teachers: A Quantitative Study in Lahore, Punjab Muhammad Abbas Saba Tariq Muhammad Jamil Continuous Professional Development (CPD) Competencies Pedagogical Skills Content Knowledge Quality Education CPD programme provides teachers' training to in-service teachers according to their needs and requirements for the enhancement of quality education. The current study aimed to find out the effect of CPD on quality education of Primary School Teachers' training programmes. The main purpose of the CPD program was to polish the pedagogical skills, content knowledge, and competencies of the respondents. The current study was quantitative and descriptive. All the Primary school teachers working at the primary level from the Lahore district were selected as population. The sample of the study was30male primary school teachers. The data were collected through a five-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed through SPSS 21 through frequency distribution. The findings revealed that all male teachers of the public school strongly agreed that through Continuous Professional Development (CPD) program, the pedagogical skills, content knowledge, and competencies were increased of in-service teachers. It is suggested that primary school teachers should be provided CPD training for their professional development, pedagogical skills, and competency. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil Graduate (Physics), University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer (Education), Government College Women University Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/continuous-professional-development-cpd-and-quality-education-of-primary-school-teachers-a-quantitative-study-in-lahore-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).21 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Mobility across One Belt One Road Regions: Influencing Factors towards Internationalization and Practices of Foreign Students at China Muhammad Anwer Nagina Gul Mumtaz Gul Khan China International Students Influencing Factor Aim of the current research study is to identify influencing factors for the mobility of international students, issues with consideration of potential prospects to China across One Belt One Road Regions. Employing qualitative research method, 27 international students studying at two universities in Wuhan, China were selected- data collected through convenience sampling based on thematic via semi-structured in-depth interviews. Analysis of results identified student's scholarships, compatibly available quality education and academic resources, proximity and cultural ties, and friendly policies observed strong attributes towards mobility. Results suggesting a few other factors for mobility include affordability, community linkages, and- recommendations by friends and family. Lack of language and communication proficiency was noted as a major issue. Based on the research findings, addressing experiences and issues of mobile international students- argued of confining academic and social life; required to enhance the quality of education and language restraints by government and higher education institutions in China. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Development, Karakoram International University, Ghizer Campus Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITMES), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Development, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/mobility-across-one-belt-one-road-regions-influencing-factors-towards-internationalization-and-practices-of-foreign-students-at-china- https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).22 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Impact of Sports Activities on Developing Purpose among College Level Students Dil Faraz Khan SR Ghazi Rahmat Ullah Shah College Level Developing Purpose Impact Sports Activities The aim of this study was to find out how sports impact students' purpose development. The study comprised all students (N=1197) who engaged in college-level sports activities in Bannu Division. A simple sampling approach was used to select students (N=60) from the population for the study. Data was collected using self-developed questionnaires. SPSS-26 was used to analyse the data. Multiple regressions were used to assess the impact of sports on students' purpose development, and independent sampling t-tests were used to see whether there were any significant differences in the impact of individual and team sports on students' purpose development. It reveals that collegiate sports have a statistically significant impact on students’ purpose development; further, the data prove that team games have a greater impact on students' purpose than individual games. Humanity Publications Ph.D Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sciences and Technology, Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education, University of Sciences and Technology, Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Sciences and Technology, Bannu, KP, Pakistan. 2021-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-sports-activities-on-developing-purpose-among-college-level-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-IV).23 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Learning Losses during Covid-19 Pandemic in Pakistan: A Critical Assessment of Online Education System Ahmad Ali COVID-19 Education Pakistan Pandemic Physical Online Technology The Covid-19 compelled the educational sector around the world to adopt online techniques to run the educational setups. This study is intended to evaluate the effects and challenges faced by the online education system and to assess them in the wake of the pandemic in Pakistan. This research paper attempts to analyze the success level of online education and the issues faced by the teachers and students.Data was collected from teachers and students at undergraduate and post-graduate levels. It was found that online setup was more successful at the university level, particularly in social sciences, as compared to pure sciences. Online academics at the lower levels remained significantly unsuccessful. Since both faculty and students were not equipped with the new techniques to convert conventional academics into online learning. The significance of this study is that it has pinpointed the obstacles for the online education process during the lock-down in Pakistan. Humanity Publications PhD Political Science, Assistant Director Research, National Counter Terrorism Authority Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/learning-losses-during-covid19-pandemic-in-pakistan-a-critical-assessment-of-online-education-system https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Engineering Communication Skills for Novice Engineers: A Pilot Project Inayatullah Kakepoto Abdullah Laghari Ghulam Saqib Buriro Engineering Communication Skills Novice Engineers Modern Industry Industry has broadened the job scope for engineers. Engineers have to perform multiple projects in terms of technical and non-technical. Technical skills require integration of communication skills in modern industry. This research attempted to discover communication skills significance for novice engineers. Also, it explored communication skill training needed for novice engineers. A purposive sampling research design was employed to draw the results. Twenty (20) final year engineering students participated in this qualitative study. The study research instrument was focus group interviews.Findings described that communication skills play a significant role for engineers in the work environment of modern industry. Moreover, inadequate communication skills training are provided to engineering students during study time. Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) should emphasize upon engineering universities of Pakistan to train engineering students in hard and soft skills. Humanity Publications Professor, Department of English, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of English, Quaid - e - Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of English Language and Literature, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/engineering-communication-skills-for-novice-engineers-a-pilot-project https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Practices of Bullying and Preventive Practices in Secondary Schools Farah Shafiq Mushtaq Ahmad Muhammad Naveed Khalid Bullying Preventive Practices Secondary Schools This study was aimed to measure the practices of bullying and preventive practices in secondary schools. The population of the study was comprised of all the headteachers and secondary level students of all the schools of Sargodha city. A sample of 200 students was randomly selected from20 Boys' Public Secondary Schools. A self-developed questionnaire for students and a semi-structured interview for headteachers validated through expert opinion were administered personally in this study. The obtained data was analyzed and interpreted by using MS Excel. Major results were that most of the students think that bullying becomes the reason for poor grades of students; victims lose their self-esteem, confidence and get mentally and physically affected; the majority of Headteachers claimed that for any bullying incident, appropriate steps are taken according to the seriousness of the event like warning, punishment, calling parents and even expulsion. It is recommended that teachers,administrators and all staff members should be specifically trained for the anti-bullying campaign. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Resource Person, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-practices-of-bullying-and-preventive-practices-in-secondary-schools https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Online Learning Challenges During Pandemic Covid-19 at Higher Education in Pakistan. Marium Mehmood Ansari Shahid Raza Shabiha Anjum Online Learning COVID-19 Higher Education. The main purpose of the study designed to analyze the challenges of online learning during the Covid -19 pandemic at the Higher education level in Pakistan. Using a simple random sampling technique, a sample of five hundred and fifty (550) Higher-level students were selected from the target population. The survey method was used for the purpose of data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a t-test for the gender-wise comparison of overall learning challenges of implementation of online learning using the SPSS. The results of the study included the need for face to face interaction, flipped classroom learning modalities, giving concise lectures with a shorter time period and increasing teacher-student interaction can be applied. Faculty needs training and students orientation in using online learning tools. Also provides technical experts in Universities. Creates an opportunity for students to use different technologies. Government should also develop national e-learning development centres in different cities of Pakistan. Humanity Publications Research Scholar (PhD), Department of Education Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education University of Education, Multan, Pakistan. Research Scholar (PhD), Department of Education Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/online-learning-challenges-during-pandemic-covid19-at-higher-education-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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School Leadership Development Program on the Performance of Secondary School Heads Khadija Sittar Sumaira Munawar Gulshan Fatima Alvi Leadership Educational Leadership Leadership Style Capacity Building The research was conducted to find out the effect of school leadership development programs on the performance of secondary school heads. The major objectives of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of the school leadership development program on the professional and administrative development of secondary school heads. The study was qualitative in nature. The population of this study comprised all the heads of secondary schools in Pak pattan. Thus, all the headteachers of male and female public secondary schools were selected as a sample from each selected tehsil. For the purpose of qualitative data collection, ten senior teachers of secondary schools who were acting as the vice of the heads were taken as the sample. A structured interview was developed for data collection. The research recommended expanding the circle of the school leadership development program to the other school heads particularly the newly upgraded schools for the betterment of the whole public education sector.The study recommended planning and designing further training for those having less expertise and skill in the disciplines of service rules and information technology. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/school-leadership-development-program-on-the-performance-of-secondary-school-heads https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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School Climate and Teachers' Performance: A Gender-Based Comparison of Secondary Schools Muhammad Nadeem Shahzad Muhammad Tahir Khan Farooqi Waqar Ali Organizational Climate Performance Comparison Gender Secondary Schools Teachers The primary objective of the study was to determine the relationship between organizational climate and teachers' performance at the secondary school level in Punjab. The nature of the study was descriptive. The population is comprised of teachers working in public sector secondary schools. The sample was drawn using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using two Likert scale questionnaires; namely, the School Climate Scale (SCS) and the Teachers' Performance Evaluation Scale (TPES) consisted of 34 and 43 items, respectively. Collected data were analyzed by applying Pearson correlation coefficient r and Simple regression. The study found a significant relationship between organizational climate and teachers' performance. Moreover, female teachers' performance was better than male teachers in an open climate as compared to a closed climate. It was recommended to provide an open climate to improve the performance of teachers and institutions. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Government Graduate College Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/school-climate-and-teachers-performance-a-genderbased-comparison-of-secondary-schools https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Correlation between Students' Aptitude and their Academic Achievement at Secondary School Level in Khanewal District Rukhsana Khan Muhammad Aamir Hashmi Rehana Khan Students' Aptitude Academic Achievement Secondary Level Students' aptitude is an important factor that determines the students' success in the summative assessment. Similarly, teachers play an important role in the development of scientific attitudes in the personality of students. The main objective of this study was to find out the relationship between students' aptitude and their academic performance at the secondary level. In the same way, it was also investigated what the role of teachers in developing the students' personality attitudes is. The population of this study was the secondary school teachers in district Khanewal. The sample of this study was 200 teachers selected through convenience sampling. The sample was selected in a proportional way on the basis of various demographics so that the findings of this research study may be generalized to various variables. In order to collect primary data survey method was applied. The findings of this study revealed that there was a significant difference in the perception of male and female teachers regarding students' aptitude. Humanity Publications M. Phil Scholar Education, Leadership and Management, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Government Girls Higher Secondary School, Khanewal, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/correlation-between-students-aptitude-and-their-academic-achievement-at-secondary-school-level-in-khanewal-district https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect of E-Teaching on Students' Moral Development at University Level Ghulam Yaseen Muhammad Ishaq Ziarab Mahmood e-Teaching Students Moral Development University Education BS Level The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of e-teaching on the moral development of students at the university level. The objectives of the study were (i) to explore the availability of e-teaching at universities. (ii) To investigate the effect of e-teaching on students' moral development. The hypotheses of the study were (i) there is no availability of e-teaching at universities. (ii) There is no effect of e-teaching on the moral development of students at the university level. The study was descriptive in nature, and a survey technique was adopted for the collection of data. All the one lac eighteen thousand six hundred sixty-seven (118667) students studying in public and private general universities of Lahore and Sargodha districts were the population of the study. The study was delimited to the only university of Sargodha, Sargodha. The researcher selected only one hundred (100) students of BS education by using a random sampling technique. One questionnaire was developed for university students. It was found that e-teaching effect students' moral development at the university level. It is recommended better internet connectivity 4G/5G, e-gadgets and e-environment may be provided in universities. It is also recommended that the study may be connected to the normal situation for generalization and rectification of the effect of e-teaching on the moral development of students. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir, Pakistan Associate Professor, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-eteaching-on-students-moral-development-at-university-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Teacher - Students' Academic Communication Patterns at Higher Education Level: A Descriptive Survey Uzma Mazhar Hina Shoukat Mehwish Pervaiz Communication Means University Students Ethical Frame Teachers Higher Education Communication is considered a vital factor for university-level students as it influences as acatalyst in the process of teaching and learning as well as the quality of the academic process. The study aimed to identify the communication level of university teachers and students to identify the ways and means utilized by both parties to develop effective and efficient communication. The study covered five public sector universities in Islamabad. The faculty of social sciences was selected as an accessible population. The sample of the study consisted of 860 students. Data was collected through a questionnaire for survey. For this purpose, the questionnaire was converted to google forms and the link was shared with the students for the response. The findings of the study show that more effective and efficient communication between teachers and students can enhance the quality of academic activities.It was also concluded that teachers who have formed and are following ethical guidelines get more involvement from their students. It was recommended that teachers need to set ethical boundaries of communication with their students to get more enhanced and focused academic activity among students and teachers. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/teacher-students-academic-communication-patterns-at-higher-education-level-a-descriptive-survey https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Mitigating Loneliness of Adult Retiree Teachers: Mediating Role of Engaged Living Zafar Saleem Muhabat Khan Shabina Shaheen Trait Gratitude Loneliness Engaged Living Mediation This study was undertaken in a rural setup to study the mediating role of engaged living in mitigating loneliness in adult retiree teachers. The population of the study comprised of adult retired teachers. Only those retiree teachers were selected whose age was more than 60 years. The snowball sampling technique was used for sample selection. A total of 180 male teachers were selected. Data was collected through a standardized questionnaire. Three questionnaires were used for data collection. One questionnaire was for trait gratitude, the second questionnaire was for loneliness and the third questionnaire was used for engaged living. It was found that there was that trait of gratitude was significantly related to loneliness. A significant relationship was found between trait gratitude and engaged living. It was found that Engaged living and loneliness were significantly related. Engaged living significantly mediated the relationship between trait gratitude and loneliness. Four hypotheses were formulated and all were accepted at a 95 Percent confidence level. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Loralai Balochistan, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/mitigating-loneliness-of-adult-retiree-teachers-mediating-role-of-engaged-living https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect Of Flipped Classroom On Developing Fluency And Flexibility Through Divergent Thinking Strategies Sobia Kiran Muhammad Shahid Farooq Creative Thinking Skills Divergent Thinking Flipped classroom. This study examined the effect of flipped classroom design on developing fluency and flexibility through divergent thinking strategies. True experimental design, pre-test post-test control group design was used with two intact groups of students in the elementary education program at the Master's level.The experimental group was taught through flipped classroom design i.e. pre-class learning, in-class divergent thinking activities, and post-class learning. Torrance Test for Creative Thinking Skills (TTCTS) with nine sub tasks on divergent thinking was adapted to measure fluency and flexibility. Independent sample t-test and paired sample t-test were used to compare mean scores. The findings showed a significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group in pre-test and post-test scores on fluency and flexibility. A significant difference was found between the mean scores of students in the post-test of the control and experimental group. The findings will help to improve the implication off lipped classrooms along with divergent thinking strategies for teaching creativity to students at a higher level. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-flipped-classroom-on-developing-fluency-and-flexibility-through-divergent-thinking-strategies https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Problems Faced by External School Monitors during School Monitoring in Punjab Sajad Ahmed Zahida Parveen External School Monitoring System Punjab Problems External monitors The main aim of this study was to identify the external monitors' problems and their influence on their performance in monitoring the elementary schools. The research was a sequential explanatory mixed method. All Monitoring and Evaluation Assistants (MEAs) (male and female) working as external monitors in Punjab were the study population. Firstly, districts were randomly selected, and then 4 MEAs from each sampled section were purposively selected. A self-developed questionnaire on the five-point Likert scale and a semi-structured interview were used as study instruments. The qualitative data were coded, themes were developed, and descriptive interpretation was carried out. It is found that external monitors have a burden of work, a lack of conveyance and inspection allowance, and a budget for stationery. They faced political interference and were not satisfied with the training. Consequently, the lack of facilities influences their performance. To improve their performance, these problems may be solved. Humanity Publications School Education Department, Govt. High School Ahmad Khan Wala, Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Special Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/problems-faced-by-external-school-monitors-during-school-monitoring-in-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Activities on Performance among Science Students at Elementary Level Rafaqat Ali Muhammad Aamir Hashmi Lab Facilities Secondary School Science Laboratory The effectiveness of the activity-based teaching approach and the lecture method for science students' learning is evaluated in this study. The purpose of this study was to investigate the connection between teaching methods and student learning. In this study, the measuring instrument was an achievement test (post-test). The participants in this study were 8th-grade male students. Two groups of students were formed: experimental and control. The research data was compiled using the experimental and control groups' post-test scores. According to the findings, the study group's performance was better than the controlled group. In terms of information, understanding, and implementation capacity, the experimental group performed significantly worse than the control group. Overall, the findings of the study show that using the activity method to teach science at the elementary level is far more effective than traditional teaching methods. As a result, it was suggested that the students be taught through activities in the classroom Humanity Publications M. Phil Scholar, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-activities-on-performance-among-science-students-at-elementary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect Of Moderate Level Aerobic Training On Maximum Oxygen Consumption And Cardiovascular Fitness Of Non-Athlete Students Rehan Yousaf Mohibullah Khan Marwat Aerobic VO2 max Cardiovascular Endurance Non-Athletes Students This study aimed to compare the difference in VO2 max values pre and post-test, compare the difference in cardiovascular endurance pre and post-test, and determine the association between VO2 max and cardiovascular endurance. This study used an experimental research design with pretest and post-test randomized groups. The study was conducted at COMSATS, Lahore Campus and a total number of 80 non-athlete volunteers and healthy university students participated in this study. The "Cooper's 12-minute Run Test" was used to measure VO2 max and CVE. Before the administration of aerobic training,pretest data was collected. After the completion of eight weeks of aerobic training, again, the same tests were conducted to collect post-test data. Data were tabulated and analyzed with SPSS (23.0) and descriptive statistics were used to classify and summarize the data. Paired Sample t-test and "Pearson Correlation Coefficient" were used to test the stated hypotheses. VO2 max is the predictor of aerobic power and CVE, so the conclusion is that regular aerobic exercise may enhance VO2 max CVE (Falk,2019). Therefore, it is suggested that adequate PA programs be included in the curriculum of educational institutes Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Sports Sciences & Physical Education, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-moderate-level-aerobic-training-on-maximum-oxygen-consumption-and-cardiovascular-fitness-of-nonathlete-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Study of the Challenges in Teaching English as a Foreign Language to the Students with Visual Impairment Amna Zahra Ayesha Butt Sameera Ayub Bhatti Student with vision Impairment Special Education The aim of the present study was to investigate the challenges that English as a foreign language teachers face in teaching the English language to students with visual impairment. The data was collected through questionnaires from English language special education teachers who were teaching English at the secondary level. The research took place in Lahore, Pakistan, in special education classrooms. The target population of the study is English language teachers who are teaching visually impaired students in Lahore, Punjab. While the sample of the study was comprised of secondary level teachers of visually impaired students in Lahore. The findings of the study revealed that teachers were facing a number of problems in teaching visually impaired students, such as behavioral issues, less attention span, lack of motivation, lack of teaching materials, less family-supportive environment to do homework tasks etc. Humanity Publications Scholar, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Chairperson/Assistant Professor TESOL, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of English, The University of Lahore (Lahore Scool of Accountancy and Finance), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Accountancy and Finance), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-study-of-the-challenges-in-teaching-english-as-a-foreign-language-to-the-students-with-visual-impairment https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Study to Examine the Relationship between English Language Proficiency and Academic Achievement of Students in Higher Education Institutions Syed Izatullah Rabeeya Nasir Fariha Gul English Language Proficiency Language Assessment Test Academic Performance English language proficiency is an important indicator for better academic achievement of students, where the English is second language. The current study aims to identify the relationship between English language proficiency and the academic performance of students enrolled in higher education institutions. The data was collected from three hundred respondents enrolled in undergraduate programs in two higher education institutions. The data was collected through an English proficiency test developed by the British council. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistics and correlation analysis, the results indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between language proficiency and academic performance. Thus led to the recommendation to arrange more trainings/ courses for language proficiency of students at the undergraduate level. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, University Of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University Of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-study-to-examine-the-relationship-between-english-language-proficiency-and-academic-achievement-of-students-in-higher-education-institutions https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Improving Students' Speaking Skills in English through Group Discussion and Classroom Interaction at Secondary School Level: Teachers' Perspective Ghulam Qadir Khan Gulap Shahzada Rahmat Ullah Shah Group Discussion Classroom Interaction Speaking Skills Perceptions This study aimed to investigate teachers' perspectives regarding improving students' speaking skills in English through group discussion and classroom interaction at the secondary school level in Bannu District. The population comprised of SSTs (secondary school teachers) of Government secondary schools of both genders (n=370) teaching English to grades 9 and 10. 119 male and 69 female teachers were selected through a stratified random sampling technique. Five-point Likert scale-based self-made instrument was used for data collection. It was a survey-type quantitative study. Mean and standard deviation was used as descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that teachers of both genders were in favour of group discussion and classroom interaction. Humanity Publications MPhil. Scholar, Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, KP, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/improving-students-speaking-skills-in-english-through-group-discussion-and-classroom-interaction-at-secondary-school-level-teachers-perspective- https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Exploring Stress Coping Strategies of Primary School Teachers Ahmad Bilal Cheema Farah Shafiq Mushtaq Ahmad Stress Coping Strategy Primary School Teachers Stress at the workplace is unavoidable, but it is needed to be coped for ensuring emotional and physical health. The study explores the strategies for coping with stress among primary schoolteachers with varied demographic characteristics i.e. gender, locale, length of job experience, and academic and professional qualification. The sample of 315 (104 male, 211 female) primary school teachers was selected conveniently from the primary schools of tehsil Sargodha. Data was collected through a self-developed scale of stress coping strategy for primary teachers and analyzed through percentages, frequency, t-test and ANOVA. Male primary teachers use more strategies to cope with the stress as compared to the female. Teachers of various levels of academic qualifications used more strategies to cope with the stress, while no variation was found on the bases of locality, professional qualifications and experience were found. School Education Department is recommended to arrange guidance and counseling programs for teachers to use better stress coping strategies. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-stress-coping-strategies-of-primary-school-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).19 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of External Environment on Triple-loop Learning in the Context of Universities Nabeela Shakur Abbasi Marium Din Hira Habib External Environment Triple-loop Learning Bruke-litwin Model The purpose of the study was to see how the external environment affected triple-loop learning at institutions. The research was based on the Bruke-Litwin organisational change model. The study's goals were to: (1) determine the state of triple-loop learning in educational institutions; and (2) determine the status of triple-loop learning in educational organisations (universities) (2) Determine how the external world affects triple-loop learning. The survey method was chosen for a descriptive study with a quantitative approach. The survey included 4195 respondents from the faculties of natural and social sciences, with a sample size of 377 of the total population and 300 responses obtained. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. According to the findings, the external environment has a favourable impact on people. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-external-environment-on-tripleloop-learning-in-the-context-of-universities https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).20 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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EFL School Teachers Perceptions about In-Service Trainings: A Cross- Sectional Study Abdul Malik Niaz H. Soomro Zahid H. Pathan Professional Development In-service Teacher Trainings EFL Teachers CPD This study explores the perceptions of EFL school teachers about their in-service trainings in Balochistan, Pakistan. In addition to self-reflection and experiences, teacher trainings contribute to enhancing teachers' skilling, re skilling and up skilling with best classroom practices. However, not all teachers may have an opportunity to quality teacher trainings. Those who do, also carry varied views about in-service teacher training. This study attempted to unveil general perceptions of EFL teachers and the differences in perceptions of primary, middle, or high school EFL teachers in terms of motivation,attitude, ongoing learning, and factors affecting CPD in Balochistan. The findings show that there were no meaningful differences in perceptions of teachers in terms of factors affecting professional development, motivation, ongoing learning, and attitudes. As professional development is a life-long process, the study suggests that at least one CPD activity should be fixed for every EFL teacher each year to develop them professionally. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, English Language Centre, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of English Linguistics, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, English Language Center, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/efl-school-teachers-perceptions-about-inservice-trainings-a-cross-sectional-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).21 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Exploration of Faculty Attitude towards Integration of Web 2.0 into Instructional Practices at University Level during Pandemic Farah Rashid Aisha Bibi Attitude Higher Education Survey Professional use of Web 2.0 The use of web 2.0 technology, such as social media tools, learning management systems,and presentation software, etc. has brought many changes in education in the recent era of pandemics.To examine the faculty attitude towards the integration of Web 2.0 technology was the target of the study. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used, and 125 university instructors were taken conveniently from the disciplines of social science, management science, and basic science. The necessary data was gathered using an attitude scale that was created by Christensen and Kenezek (2009). According to the findings of the study, age disparity, gender, and experience posed no problem in the integration of Web 2.0 technology. The overall positive attitude of the faculty implies the provision of advanced technology as well as professional development courses provided by the institutions to enhance the capabilities of faculty to cope with any further crisis. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploration-of-faculty-attitude-towards-integration-of-web-20-into-instructional-practices-at-university-level-during-pandemic https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).22 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Influence of Virtual Professional Development on Teachers' Online Classroom Management Practices: An Interview Study Mahnoor Naveed Yaar Muhammad Malahat Siddiqui Online Classroom Management Professional Training Synchronous Learning Asynchronous Learning Classroom Management Practices This study aimed to explore the influence of virtual professional training on teachers' online classroom management practices. Five teachers teaching at an early years branch of a reputed private school in Lahore were selected through purposive sampling employing the criterion sampling technique.The study is qualitative, incorporating a hermeneutic phenomenology research design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data. Thematic analysis was done to extract findings. The study concluded that prompt, professional training of the teachers provides confidence, updates their knowledge and pedagogies, introduces them to the latest techniques and strategies, and improves their management skills. Teachers, therefore, are needed to be trained well before time, keeping in mind the changing dynamics of the education sector. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan Research Associate, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/influence-of-virtual-professional-development-on-teachers-online-classroom-management-practices-an-interview-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).23 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Dynamics of Extremism and Resistance Against It: An Anthropological Study of University Students Hussain Ali Hashmi Aneela Sultana Extremism Resistance of Extremism Violent Extremism The present anthropological study attempts to document and inform about Extremism, its types, nature, and resistance against it to understand the phenomenon of Extremism in universities' youth. It includes studying extremist behaviors in universities' youth such as radical, religious, linguistic,ethnic-based, and other forms of Extremism. Descriptive qualitative research methodology is used to conduct this research. The primary data is collected over six months from 37 in-depth interviews achieved through the snowball sampling method. Observations as a participant, life histories, and case studies have been used to describe the contextual dynamics of Extremism. Findings show that religious Extremism is most common in university students. The resistance of this religious Extremism is also extremist, which results in conflicts and extremist construction of students' identities in the university.Further, this study will also be helpful for resilience against Extremism and developing peacemaking culture, which is the main agenda of SDGs goals. Humanity Publications Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/dynamics-of-extremism-and-resistance-against-it-an-anthropological-study-of-university-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Coping Strategies Used by the Primary School Teachers to deal with Stress, Depression and Anxiety: A Self-Management Perspective Muhammad Javed Aftab Navid Ur Rehman Kiran Shehzadi Coping Strategies Depression Anxiety stress The present study was conducted to draw out the causes of stress, anxiety and depression among the teachers as these issues are now very common in government school teachers. The main motivation behind the study was to evaluate the current practice and Strategies used by a teacher to cope with these issues, to cure the impact of school management on mental health and to know coping strategies. A questionnaire was developed to investigate the general perception of teachers About the causes of stress,anxiety and depression in school and coping strategies to overcome these issues in Punjab. The questionnaire was based on sources of stress, anxiety and depression and coping strategies subdivided into sections i.e.emotional coping strategies and problem-solving coping strategies keeping in view of all domains of anxiety,depression and stress. The study was focused on exploring what are school sources cause stress, how school management cause stress and what are coping strategies a teacher can use to increase mental peacefulness.The present research study was conducted in 9 division Punjab schools involving 100 teachers from the education department as participants. This research study was quantitative in nature. Questionnaires were developed and approved by experts in the field of special education. The participant’ responses were analyzed to infer conclusions. The results of the study support our claims school management is the main reason for creating anxiety, stress and depression while improving mental health and bringing emotional stability emotional and problem-solving strategies are beneficial for them. The research suggests that building good mental health of the teachers must be aware of these strategies so, they can achieve good social and academics outs in a better way. Humanity Publications Lecturer/Coordinator, Department of Special Education, University of Education Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Punjab, Pakistan SSET(HI), Government Secondary School of Special Education, Khanewal, Department of Special Education, Government of the Punjab, Pakistan. SSET(VI), Government Gunj Shakar Special Education Complex, Okara, Department of Special Education, Government of Punjab, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/coping-strategies-used-by-the-primary-school-teachers-to-deal-with-stress-depression-and-anxiety-a-selfmanagement-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effect of Problem Solving Teaching Method in Mathematics on the Performance of 7th Grade Students Mushtaq Ahmad Muhammad Naveed Khalid Farah Shafiq Problem Solving Teaching Mathematics Achievements Problem Solving Ability Elementary Level Students The study aimed to analyze the effect of problem-solving teaching methods in mathematics on the achievements of elementary level students. The major objective of the study was to; i. To compare the mathematics academic achievements and ability of problem-solving among 7th class students taught through traditional and problem-solving teaching methods. 7th class students of Govt.Secondary School 47 NB Sargodha were divided into two groups and randomly assigned as contro land experimental groups. Two tests were validated through peer review, expert opinion and pilot testing; one “Problem Solving Ability Test in mathematics” (PSATM) and “Achievement Test in mathematics” (ATM) for 7th grade were used as pre-test and post-test. The experiment was conducted for a period of six weeks. The t-test and ANOVA were applied for data analysis. The major conclusion was that the participants treated with a new method of problem-solving teaching showed better results than the participants taught by traditional teaching methods in the achievement test and problem-solving ability test. It is recommended that elementary level mathematics teachers teach the students by using problem-solving teaching methods in their lesson plans for the development of problem-solving ability among learners. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education; University of Sargodha Pakistan. Resource Person, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Division of Education; University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-problem-solving-teaching-method-in-mathematics-on-the-performance-of-7th-grade-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Teachers' Perception towards the Establishment and Effectiveness of Early Childhood Education Sadia Ashraf Muhammad Aamir Hashmi Muhammad Naveed Jabbar Early childhood Education Active Learning Effectiveness Education is a systemic framework for building the cornerstone of civilization. It is animportant factor in any country's success worldwide. Early Childhood Education (ECE) is a branch ofeducational philosophy that refers to education for young children up to the age of eight years. The mainobjective of this study was to find out teachers’ perceptions of this ECE setup. A teacher is a part andparcel of our education system and any policy can’t succeed without satisfaction. The population of thisstudy was teachers involved in early childhood education set up in the district Nankana Sahib. Whereas,308 teachers were selected as a sample using a stratified sampling technique. The data was collectedthrough instruments by survey method. On the whole, it was found that most of the statements on thequestionnaire had a mean score higher than 3 which shows teachers’ positive perception of the ECEsetup. There was a significant difference in the perception of teachers based on gender. This study isbeneficial for the development of early childhood education. Humanity Publications M. Phil Scholar, Department of Education and Leadership, Management Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/teachers-perception-towards-the-establishment-and-effectiveness-of-early-childhood-education https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Examining Elementary School Teachers' Views and Practices Related to Grading and Reporting of Students' Learning Meimoona Riaz Rana M. Gulbadin Effat Alvi Elementary School Teachers Learning Education This paper presents the elementary school teachers’ views and practices related to grading and reporting of students’ learning. This study also examined the different challenges that are faced by teachers during grading practices and also explored the gaps that exist between teachers' views and practices regarding grading and reporting of students' learning. Qualitative research (phenomenological design) was employed to conduct the study. Data were collected in two phases; in phase one, open-ended questionnaires were used with 50 teachers, which comprised four general questions related to grading and reporting of students' learning. On the basis of the initial analysis of teachers' input, those ten teachers were selected for phase two of data collection activities which have maximum variations in their views. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and documents analysis in phase two of data collection. The major findings revealed that the traditional grading system is used in public schools and teachers consider only cognitive factors (achievement marks) and summative assessment scores while assigning grades to students' learning. The findings highlighted the difficulties like large class size, the restriction imposed by authority, consideration of different factors, etc., that teachers faced during their grading practices. It was further revealed that noticeable gaps exist between teachers’ views and their practices related to grading and reporting of students’ learning. For example, participant teachers insisted on considering both cognitive and non-cognitive factors, but their practices contradict their views since the grades were assigned only on the basis of Percentage marks and that too obtained during summative exams. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research (IER), University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/examining-elementary-school-teachers-views-and-practices-related-to-grading-and-reporting-of-students-learning https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Elementary School Teachers' Perceptions toward the Use of Graphic Organizers Anam Razzaq Shahzada Qaisar Zahida Javed Graphic Organizer Students' Performance The concept of graphic organizers fosters better student achievement with traditional teaching method. Survey research was used to gather quantitative data from population. The population of this study was elementary school teachers in Lahore. The sample consisted of 75 teachers. It is concluded that graphic organizers are an effective strategy for enhancing various skills in students’ performance in the class. As both male and female teachers have same opinion about graphic organizers in classrooms for the betterment of students. The traditional teaching style is an activity-based style, which will eventually improve the Education system of Pakistan as a whole because education is thought to be a backbone of a country. The delivery of the lesson by the use of graphic organizers seemed to promote more student success than the use of the lecture method and should be promoted in classroom activities Humanity Publications Mphil Scholar, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/elementary-school-teachers-perceptions-toward-the-use-of-graphic-organizers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Satisfying and Dissatisfying Determinants of Online Education during Covid-19 Pandemic Inayatullah Kakepoto Muhammad Saeed Akhter Abdullah Laghari Satisfying Dissatisfying Determinants Online Education COVID-19 Pandemic This paper attempts to explore satisfying and dissatisfying determinants of online education in Pakistan. Participants were well abreast with the online mode of education due to the closure of physical classroom activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Purposive sampling was research design.Students enrolled in communication skills course were drawn as study respondents. An open-ended questionnaire was a research instrument. Eighty (80) engineering students participated in this survey and provided feedback about satisfying and dissatisfying factors of online education in Pakistan. Data were analyzed using the content analysis approach. Results exhibited students were satisfied with 'class feasibility, low financial cost and communication opportunities. On the other front, they were dissatisfied with 'internet issue, load shedding of electricity, technical issue, home disturbance, expensive internet packages, and lack of communication. This research concluded that online education is never free from issues and challenges in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Department of English, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. Department of English, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of English, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/satisfying-and-dissatisfying-determinants-of-online-education-during-covid19-pandemic https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Need Analysis of Quality Education Indicators at Secondary Level in Pakistan: A Prospective Study Samia Batool Khushbakht Hina Quality Education Secondary Level Pakistan Educators Narrative The quality of education is becoming important in this age of progress. This study investigated the situation analysis of quality education at the secondary level in Pakistan. The sample of the study was 306 teachers working in the school education department in tehsil Haroonabad and Bahawalnagar.Teachers were asked to fill out a questionnaire to gather information. The data was analyzed using SPSS. A t-test and a one-way ANOVA were used to indicate how teachers' views differed depending on their demographic features, and frequencies and percentages were utilized to show demographic items and questions. Based on the data, it can be stated that obtaining high-quality secondary education is not difficult. There are some ways to improve education in Pakistan that are discussed in this study. It was a good conversation amongst scholars and specialists in education on this issue. It was proposed that the government should make policies according to the needs of the moment so that secondary-level education difficulties may be reduced. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Director QEC, National University of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/need-analysis-of-quality-education-indicators-at-secondary-level-in-pakistan-a-prospective-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effect of Sleep upon Recovery and Sports Performance of the University Players Samera Saman Mohibullah Khan Marwat Kashif Mehmood Players Health Sleep Recovery Performance Sports The relationship of sleep, recovery and performance was the pivot of this research study. The role of sleep is vital for the health, physiological, and cognitive functioning of players. However, the complex processes of sleep are yet unclear. A bulk of literature is available documenting the effect of sleep upon human health, and a meager amount of information exists about the role of sleep in the perspectives of players. Respondents of this research study comprised of 82 university players representing Cricket, Foot Ball, Hockey, Volley Ball, Basket Ball, Badminton, Table Tennis, and Track and Field events. Data were collected using an adapted questionnaire, "Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire". Anova and Coefficients were used for the analysis of data. Analysis revealed that there exists a highly significant association between sleep, recovery, and performance of the players. Similarly,the role of sleep in the perspective of recovery and performance of the player has also been found highly significant. Considering the findings of the study, it is suggested that players should be provided a conducive environment for sound sleep, ensuring having the proper amount of sleep during all three phases, including pre, during, and post-competition to have a rapid recovery and good performance. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-sleep-upon-recovery-and-sports-performance-of-the-university-players https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effect of Technology-Supported Collaborative Learning Techniques on Prospective Teachers' Sense of Learning Community Through the use of Moodle Darakhshan Siraj Nighat Sana Kirmani Google Docs MOODLE Learning Management System Online Learning Sense of Learning Community Technology Supported Collaborative Learning Technology-supported collaborative learning can help educators develop twenty-first-century workforce skills among students. The study aimed to assess the effect of technology-supported collaborative learning techniques on prospective teachers' sense of learning community through the use of MOODLE and Google Docs. In this study, a "pre-test post-test non-equivalent control group(Quasi-experimental) design" was applied. A sense of learning community questionnaire was prepared for prospective teachers. Effect of intervention was measured through independent samples t-test: paired sample t-test and effect size. The finding of the study showed a statistically significant effect of the intervention on prospective teachers' sense of learning community scores. The study concluded that a sense of learning community is an integral and important element of technology-supported collaborative learning strategy and it helps to accept any new technology integration in classroom practices and decrease the dropout rate of the students in higher education online learning classes. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Science Education, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-technologysupported-collaborative-learning-techniques-on-prospective-teachers-sense-of-learning-community-through-the-use-of-moodle https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Study on the Perception of Professional Ethics among Secondary School Teachers Mahwish Safdar Rana Muhammad Zubair Sumaira Munawar Professional Ethics Secondary School Teachers In recent times, wakefulness regarding ethics has been increased in the people. Whenever employment arranges itself as a profession, a code of ethics develops. Ethical concerns are an essential part of life. Particularly it has an importance in academic circles. All professions have ethical considerations, norms, standards and expectations and the teaching profession has no exception. The objectives of the study were to explore the perception regarding professional ethics among secondary school teachers. The researcher employed quantitative research by approach and used a descriptive research design. The researcher applied the survey method to explore the perception of professional ethics of teachers. The population was involved all public school teachers. The sample of the study was two hundred sixty-two public secondary school teachers. As it is evident that teachers perceived their professional ethics well, so the ministry of education should invite teachers as moral experts in the process of making any policy regarding ethical and moral issues in society. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-study-on-the-perception-of-professional-ethics-among-secondary-school-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Instructional Leadership Role of Principals in Improving Teachers Professional Development in Southern Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Jehanzeb Ullah Zafar Khan Allah Noor Khan Instructional Leadership Role of Principals Teachers' Professional Development The present study emphasizes on the role of Principals in improving Teachers' Professional Development (TPD). The first objective of the study was to explore the role of principals as instructional leaders in TPD. The second objective was to compare the role of principals as instructional leaders in improving TPD as perceived by the Principals and Secondary School Teachers and the third objective was to compare the role of principals (instructional leaders), in improving TPD in the perspective of southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The researcher adopted a quantitative research design for the study. A questionnaire was used for the data collection process. The population consists of principals/headmasters (413) and secondary school teachers (1523), which working at the secondary school level. All the principals and teachers were taken as the main population for the study. A stratified sampling method was used to select the sample from the whole population of 332 (18 Percent), in which there were 68 Principals and 264 SSTs. The result indicates that school principals have a noteworthy role in improving TPD. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/instructional-leadership-role-of-principals-in-improving-teachers-professional-development-in-southern-districts-of-khyber-pakhtunkhwa https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Study of Principals' Conflict Management Styles in Government Degree Colleges of Punjab Marina Ilyas Abid Hussain Ch. Conflict Management Conflict Management Styles The conflict has become integral in educational institutions. Institutional administrator plays a vital role in handling the conflict efficiently. The way leaders control the conflict can affect the staff and institutional performance. This research focuses on identifying the conflict management styles of principals. This study was descriptive and quantitative in nature. Teachers working in government degree colleges located in central Punjab were the target population of the study. There are 339 government degree colleges in central Punjab and 4623 teachers (male and female) are working in these colleges. The sample was selected by using the multistage sampling technique. Sample of this research comprised 884 teachers (male and female). The questionnaire was used for the collection of data. Mean standard deviation and frequency in descriptive statistics whereas independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA was used in inferential statistics. Results of the study revealed that principals are using different styles to manage conflict. The dominating style was being used by female principals, whereas male principals preferred to use compromising and avoiding style to handle conflict in government degree colleges of Punjab. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Professor, Institute of Education and Research, Dean Faculty of Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-study-of-principals-conflict-management-styles-in-government-degree-colleges-of-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Reflective Teaching Practices of University Teachers on Academic Achievement of Students Ghazala Shaheen Muhammad Saeed Khan Shaista Irshad Khan Impact Reflective Teaching Practices Academic Achievement This study aimed to examine the impact of reflective teaching practices of university teacher son the academic achievement of students. The research question was, do reflective teaching practices affect the academic achievement of students? The research study is quantitative, predictive non-experimental in nature, and data was collected by survey method. The sample of the study consisted of330 students by using a simple random sampling technique. One questionnaire was used to collect data from students. A tool made validated and made reliable through pilot testing. The data was collected from the respondents. Afterwards, the data was analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 16. It can be concluded that the use of reflective teaching practices affects the academic achievement of students. Therefore, it can be recommended that university authorities may initiate such programs that involve the teaching faculty to learn more about reflective teaching practices. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, The University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, The University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-reflective-teaching-practices-of-university-teachers-on-academic-achievement-of-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Challenges Faced by B.Ed. (Hons.) Elementary Prospective Teachers for TPACK Implementation in Practicing Teaching During COVID - 19 Fareeha Shahid Muhammad Abiodullah TPACK Technology Integration Digital Literacy (DL) This study aims to explain the challenges faced by B.Ed. (Hons.) elementary prospective teachers for TPACK implementation in practicing teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study uses a phenomenological qualitative research approach. Twenty B.Ed.(Hons.) elementary 8th semester prospective teachers from (IER), University of Punjab were purposively selected as samples. The researcher used Semi-structured interview protocols for the collection of data. Participants were mocked interview to ensure the validity of interview protocols. The data is analyzed by thematic analysis. The study concluded many challenges i.e. selection of technology aligned with goals of the lesson to be taught,execution of the technology integrated lesson plan, intermittent supply of internet, poor Wi-Fi speed,fluctuations in electric power supply, lack of skills in using digital devices and digital apps, uploading and downloading of materials in GCR, lack of students' engagement, assessment and evaluation while implementing TPACK. The study recommends that prospective teachers may be trained to implement technology integrated lessons and use Digital Devices and the latest digital Apps for implementing TPACK in practicing teaching. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/challenges-faced-by-bed-hons-elementary-prospective-teachers-for-tpack-implementation-in-practicing-teaching-during-covid-19 https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Teacher-Student Interaction towards Chemistry at Secondary Level Qasim Sajjad Muhammad Siddique Imran Tufail Teacher-Student Interaction Students' Learning Chemistry Classroom Secondary Level Interaction is a live construct for the investigation which enhances the corrdination and minimizes the understanding gap. This study was aimed to investigate the teacher-student interaction towards chemistry at the secondary level. This descriptive study tends to the positivistic paradigm. 250 subjects were selected based on a random sampling procedure. The responses were collected through the adapted research tool. Mean, standard deviation, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA were applied to analyze the data. The results show that IX grade students have better interaction than X grade students; female students have better interaction than the male students towards chemistry; private school students have better interaction than the public school students; success in chemistry is affected by teacher-students interaction. Furthermore, the students with more interaction have more success in chemistry. Present study proposed solutions to unpredictable problems regarding the teacher-student interaction. This study was applied to improve teacher-student interaction towards chemistry at the secondary level. This study is delimited at the secondary level in the Pakistani context only. Further research studies may be conducted with the same construct in primary, elementary, higher secondary,and higher education with varying populations and samples. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. University of Waikato, New Zealand. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/teacherstudent-interaction-towards-chemistry-at-secondary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Study of the Relationship between Authentic Materials and Higher Order Thinking Skills in English as a Second Language Learning Maira Mariam Ayesha Butt Sadia Rafique Higher order thinking Skills (HOTS) Authentic Materials Language Teaching and Learning Process ESL Learners Evaluation Synthesis Analysis. The research studied the relationship between authentic materials and higher order thinking skills amongst undergraduate ESL learners. It further aimed to study how different aspects, factors,perceptions and perspectives support or reject the notion of using authentic materials for the development of higher order thinking skills in the language teaching and learning process. The researcher adopted an interpretivist approach and inductive research method design to execute the research and to find out the answer to the research questions that to what extent the use of authentic materials in English language teaching and learning had been effective for the development of thinking skills and abilities. Therese archer made use of a qualitative approach for the data collection. All the qualitative data was analyzed and interpreted through thematic analysis. In conclusion, authentic materials can be beneficial to developing a higher order thinking skills among ESL learners. Humanity Publications Scholar, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor/Chairperson, TESOL, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer English, National University of Modern Languages, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-study-of-the-relationship-between-authentic-materials-and-higher-order-thinking-skills-in-english-as-a-second-language-learning https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Relationship between Organizational Environment and Teachers' Citizenship Behaviour at Public Universities of Punjab Sajid Mahmood Sajid Muhammad Jamil Muhammad Abbas Organizational Environment Citizenship Behaviour University Teachers Public Universities This research was about the relationship between the organizational environment and teachers' citizenship behavior in public universities in the Punjab province. All the university teachers were the population. From the 6 randomly selected universities, 400 university teachers were used as the research sample. The data was collected through a questionnaire consisting of a Likert five-point scale and analyzed using MS-Excel 2010 and the 20th version of the social science statistical software package. The relationship between the two variables was computed by using the Pearson product moment (r). The research results showed that there was a significant weak relationship between the organizational environment and teachers' citizenship behavior Humanity Publications PhD Education, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Lecturer, Government College, Women University Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/relationship-between-organizational-environment-and-teachers-citizenship-behaviour-at-public-universities-of-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effect of Using Video Clips in Teaching of General Science on Academic Achievement of Students: An Experimental Study Muhammad Asghar Ali Tooba Sarwar Fouzia Tabassum Video clips Achievement Post-test The aim of this research was to measure the effect of short educational videos on students' academic achievement while teaching general science. The experimental research design was used for the present research. All twenty 7th grade students enrolled in government secondary school Rera District Bagh AJK Pakistan were taken as sample and generating random numbers, two equal groups were formed. Researchers developed a post-test containing Written MCQ Type questions from Text Book of General science. The data were collected by post-tests in order to find an effective way of teaching using video clips in the teaching of general science at the elementary level. The researcher analyzed data by using a t-test independent sample with the help of SPSS-24 software. The results of the study showed that teaching with educational video clips has a positive effect on achievement. To improve science teaching at this level, short and informative videos have been recommended. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor (Education), Department of Education, Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. M Phil Scholar, Department of Education, Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Federal Government Educational Institutions (C/G), Wah Region, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-using-video-clips-in-teaching-of-general-science-on-academic-achievement-of-students-an-experimental-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).19 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Citizenship among University Students: Perceptions of BS Students Zia Ur Rehman Sadia Naz Citizenship Civic Attributes Civic Education Civic Perception University Students Citizenship is a vital aspect of higher education around the World. Universities are expected to cater to the need for citizenship education to provide skilled and responsible management for the development of a nation. However, there is too scarce research to make any claim about the views of university graduates concerning citizenship. Consequently, it was considered quite imperative to conduct a study to examine knowledge and practices of citizenship among university students. This study was carried out with an objective; to explore the attributes of good citizenship among university students; a questionnaire and a sample of 1500 BS students from 15 private/public universities in Pakistan. The analysis (i.e. mean, percentage and chi-square) exposed the findings that students were significantly in support of building up courtesy/morality, social responsibility, accountability/critical thinking and patriotism. They have urged to contribute to society and provide services for human well beings; they were moderate, trustworthy and avoided discrimination. The majority of students honor property rights' and race, have firm faith in the welfare of their motherland, possess good moral conduct and respect the authority of rules. Institutions of higher education may consider it mandatory to establish citizenship as a crucial discipline and try to facilitate it by operating entire consistent resources Humanity Publications Department of Education, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Department of Islamic and Religious Studies, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/citizenship-among-university-students-perceptions-of-bs-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).20 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effect of Aggression on the Performance of Handball Female Players of Sargodha Rehana Kousar Afshan Jabeen Bilal Ahmad Qureshi Handball Female Players Sargodha Pakistan Agression The aim of this research was to examine the psychological factor of aggression influencing the female performance of the handball team in the Sargodha District. Taking this research objective as a general purpose of this study, a descriptive survey design was applied to examine the research issue.The samples for the present study included all female players of Handball in Sargodha District female colleges who were selected by using a stratified random sampling technique. A total of 52 hand ballplayers (age b/w 16 - 22 years) were taken as a sample. Two categories of questions were asked about aggression and performance. The aggression inventory scale was made to analyze the aggression level.Team performance was evaluated to measure the self-scoring. With respect to aggression scores in handball a considerable difference was noticed (t=-4.96, p less than 0.05) at the significance level (05 percent). The study results found that female players on Handball team had increased aggression. The current study also proved that there is a positive correlation between aggression and players' performance as positive reinforcement and winning the match have a good influence on the handball players' performance. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Higher Education Department Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of SS and PE, University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-aggression-on-the-performance-of-handball-female-players-of-sargodha https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).21 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Perceptions of ELT Teachers about B.Ed. English Language Curriculum Regarding the Development of Students' Speaking and Writing Skills Neelofar Shaikh S. Khurram Khan Alwi B.Ed. English Language Curriculum B.Ed. Students Effective Communication Preservice Teachers Speaking Skills Writing Skills Effective communication in the English language is important for the academic, professional and social needs of B.Ed. students/pre-service teachers. Previous research had inferred that B.Ed.students felt difficulty in communication for which methods and modules were suggested; however, the curriculum has not been evaluated for its effectiveness. The present study has explored ELT teachers' perceptions about the effectiveness of the B.Ed. (Hons) 4 year curriculum's (2012) two English core courses regarding students' speaking and writing skills in public universities and colleges of Sindh,Pakistan, using Stufflebeam's CIPP model. The data was collected from four purposively selected samples through focus group discussion (FGD) and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the curriculum needs revision through the inclusion of objectives, an evaluation scheme and a balanced focus on language skills. The identified challenges and issues were students' weak language learning background, lack of teachers' training, lack of time and lack of infrastructure. Humanity Publications PhD. Scholar, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/perceptions-of-elt-teachers-about-bed-english-language-curriculum-regarding-the-development-of-students-speaking-and-writing-skills https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).22 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Science Teachers' Attitude on Academic Achievement of Students at Secondary Level in Lahore Mubashara Akhtar Marina Ilyas Ghulam Dastgir Science Academic Achievement Attitude Secondary The present study was designed to find out the effect of science teachers' attitudes on the academic performance of secondary graders. This study was quantitative in nature that employed a causal comparative research design. The tools used to measure the attitude of teachers was a questionnaire, while academic achievement was determined from the result of BISE. The data collection tool was validated by experts to check its validation, while the reliability of the tool was ensured by piloting it on 80 students. The final version of the questionnaire has a reliability value 0.83. for data collection, 700 teachers were sampled from the total population by using purposive sampling and a questionnaire was administered to them by the researchers personally. The results of the data show that the attitude of teachers are varied across different factors. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, University of Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer, Higher Education Department. Lecturer, University of Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-science-teachers-attitude-on-academic-achievement-of-students-at-secondary-level-in-lahore https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).23 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Organizational Culture of Successful Secondary School in District Larkana: An Ethnographic Research Syed Abid Ali Shah Jilani Ajab Ali Lashari Syed Sada Hussain Bukhari Organizational Culture Secondary School Successful Schools SAT Test Ethnographic Case Study The purpose of this study is to examine the organizational culture of successful secondary schools. A criterion which is set to determine success is the obtaining of high scores by students through standardized achievement tests (SAT). The school which is selected on criterion-based were taken for the data collection. The criteria were 05 schools that remained on top in SAT results in Larkana District. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and observations. The findings show that student-based variables and studies in the school for special exams play a more significant role than school-based variables on school success. The results also demonstrate that the organizational effective culture impacts the success of the schools holistically. The effective culture within the schools impacts the schools' performance and outcomes in general and specific. It is recommended that steps should be taken to keep healthy management roles for better outcomes for all stakeholders. Humanity Publications Director, Directorate General of HR & Training, Department of Schools Education & Literacy, Government of Sindh, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Department of Education, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SMBB Government College of Education, Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/organizational-culture-of-successful-secondary-school-in-district-larkana-an-ethnographic-research https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).59 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:392747 2021-03-30 gesr

A Study of the Phenomenon of Bullying in Public Sector Secondary Schools in Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan Kamal Ud Din Mahvish Fatima Kashif Maisam e Tammar Bullying; School Violence Physical Harm Parental Role School Stress The purpose of this study was to assess teachers' understanding of the phenomenon of bullying and bullying-victim students' experiences in three public sector secondary schools in Gilgit, GB, Pakistan. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview and informal interactions with four teachers and three students. Teachers knew bullying as violence inflicted upon weaker students by older students. They seemed to be unsure of what includes 'bullying'. Resultantly, Rules and regulations at school with regard to bullying were also unclear. Many behaviors defined as 'bullying' in literature were ignored and accepted as a common form of behavior among school children. Parents' education level and social status indicated a relationship with bullying behavior. The victims, usually unheard of, also mentioned that they were teased by bullies more frequently, threatened with different types of further abuse if they reported to teachers or parents. They felt afraid, stressed, demotivated, felt low self-esteem, depressed. It is recommended that bullying should be curbed from the very beginning whenever noticed. Explicit strategies and their promulgation within the school should be in place. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Educational Development, Karakorum International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Research Scholar, Department of Educational Development, Karakorum International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-study-of-the-phenomenon-of-bullying-in-public-sector-secondary-schools-in-gilgit-gilgitbaltistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).36 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Taliban's Takeover on the Academic Performance of Afghan Scholars in Pakistan Bin Yamin Khan Fakhruddin Naseer Riaz Ahmad Taliban Afghanistan Takeover Academic Performance Afghan Scholars The unexpected entry of the Taliban in August 2021 into Kabul (Afghanistan) has not only affectedthe country politically and economically but has also affected its whole education system. This incident, the Taliban'stakeover (TTO), left enormous effects on the academic activities of Afghan students globally. The researchers tendto understand the impacts of TTO on the academic performance of Afghan scholars in Pakistan. The results receivedfrom the survey among the scholars show that the incident had badly affected their studies (89.5 Percent) along with theirmental health (92.1 Percent) and it is due to these mental health issues that they are unable to focus on their studies. 71.1Percent of the respondents were found unable to complete their academic activities as usual, while the majority of therespondents, 52.7Percent could not organize a time to complete the academic tasks. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Communication and Media Studies, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan MPhil Scholar, Department of Communication and Media Studies, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan PhD Scholar of Information and Communication Sciences, Universite' de Lille, France. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-talibans-takeover-on-the-academic-performance-of-afghan-scholars-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).26 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Quantitative Study of Teachers' Perception of Usefulness of Action Research Skill Farah Mehmood Abid Hussain Ch. Quantitative Research Action Research Action Research Training Teachers' Perception The study was aimed to measure teachers' perception of the usefulness of action research skills. The study was quantitative in approach and experimental in nature. The population of the study consisted of all the female teachers working in public secondary schools of district Kasur. A sample of six teachers from the accessible public school was selected by using the purposive sampling technique. An intervention of "Action Research Training"was administered to measure teachers' perception before training, during training and after training program. The researcher used ABA design in which the researcher established a baseline behavior ("A" phase), administered an intervention of an action research training ("B" phase), and then withdrew the intervention ("A" phase). A five-point Likert type scale questionnaire developed by Sharar (2016) consisted on 33 statements under four factors with Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.94 was adapted to measure teachers' perceptions about AR before, during and after engaging in ART. Study revealed that during treatment and withdrawal phase teachers developed positive perception about usefulness of action research as compared to baseline phase. The action research training programme has the potential to significantly improve teachers' perceptions about the usefulness of action research skill in solving classroom problems. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan Dean Faculty of Education, Institute of Education and Research, University of Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-quantitative-study-of-teachers-perception-of-usefulness-of-action-research-skill https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).27 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Towards Sustainable Learning during Suspension of Universities: Investigating Students Manners of Studying during Covid-19 in Pakistan Noor ul Ain Abdul Razzaq Khan Sustainable Learning Students Covid-19 Pakistan The global wave of Covid 19 has affected the entire world economically, socially andadministratively. The entire educational institutions got suspended and shifted towards online learning during the outbreak of the deadly coronavirus. The previous researchers have examined the technological barriers faced by the students while attending online classes. This research focuses on investigating student manners' of studying while the suspension of universities during the wake of Covid 19 in Pakistan. Through analyzing the original data obtained from private and public university students of Islamabad during Covid 19, this study establishes the learning behavior of students which has been significantly affected due to their learning environment, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, availability of learning resources, availability of learning aids and their socioeconomic status obstructing their access to online education due to lack of financial support. It has been examined that the learning hours spent by the students during Covid 19 have been significantly reduced. It strongly depicts a lack of motivation on the part of parents and teachers and an inability to interact with classmates to boost their learning. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Development Studies, Social Science Department, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Development Studies, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/towards-sustainable-learning-during-suspension-of-universities-investigating-students-manners-of-studying-during-covid19-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).24 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Assessing the Students Health and Fitness Level in the Shorkot College Faiz-Ul-Hassan Shah Arbab Ali Laghari Nisar Ahmed Khaskheli Assessment Students Physical Activity Health Fitness This study on the health and fitness levels of the students as generally prescribed by the Physicians like physical conditioning, health-related problems, physicians prescribed medication chart base activity, personal assessment while maintaining food diaries in Shorkot College Punjab. The main objective of this research h was to observe the fitness level of the students. Quantitative method-based research was conducted. The data was collected through a survey questionnaire. The sample size of the study was 126 male and female students enrolled in the college. The samples were bifurcated as 63 males and 63. The data was analyzed through the SPSS version 22, and the results show that regular Physical activities improve health while reducing the risk of many diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases,diabetes, mental stress, heart diseases, pulmonary diseases and osteoporosis. Participating in physical exercises improves muscle strength and boosts endurance and quality of life. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Center for Physical Education Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan Director Physical Education, Department of College Education, Government of Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Sukkur IBA University, Sindh, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/assessing-the-students-health-and-fitness-level-in-the-shorkot-college https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).25 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect of 5Es Instructional Model on Achievement of Secondary Level Students in Physics Saeed Muhammad Nadeem Ahmed Sher Awan 5Es Instructional Model Physics Achievements Lecture Method The use of the 5Es instructional model develops a deep conceptual understanding of learning in sciences. The study was conducted on a sample of 80 students who were randomly selected from a public school in district Sargodha during the academic session 2020-2021. For this study, a pretest-post test control group design was used. An intervention program based on a constructive learning approach and academic achievement test in physics were used. The study's main objective is to determine the effectiveness of secondary students' achievement in physics through the 5Es instructional model and lecture method. An achievement test was administered to both groups as a pre and post-test in order to assess their achievements. The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS to means,standard deviation and t-value. It is concluded that instruction based on 5Es instructional model caused significantly better achievement as compared to the lecture method. It is therefore recommended that5Es instructional model may be organized as an essential component for in-service and pre-service teachers' training programs. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-5es-instructional-model-on-achievement-of-secondary-level-students-in-physics https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).26 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Lived Experiences in Learning Qualitative Research: An Exploratory Analysis of Muffled Voices Fareeha Farooq Khawaja Yaar Muhammad Malahat Siddiqui Lived Experiences Learning Outcome Constructivism Qualitative Inquiry Semi- Structured Interview Curriculum Building and strengthening research skills in students is the immanent credo of postgraduate research studies in Pakistan. The downside is the stereotypical approach to conducting research and an urge for generalization that thwart students from learning contemporary paradigms. Thus contravening the probability of their excellence in all the other prevailing paradigms. This research study, wherefore,has its focuses on exploring students' experiences of learning qualitative research approach. The data were collected through a semi-structured interview guide, in interviews with 10 students of the qualitative research approaches course enrolled in the MPhil degree program of a private university in Lahore. The data analysis revealed that studying this comparatively less common but emerging approach in Pakistan has challenged their fast-held beliefs and has provided them with a fresh perspective.Findings also revealed that a more practical, field-bound approach provides students with the underpinning knowledge required to complete their course and thesis successfully. Nevertheless, students struggled to grasp the concepts of reliability and validity of qualitative research studies, underscoring the significance of ethical practices. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Government College University for Women, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Research Associate, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-lived-experiences-in-learning-qualitative-research-an-exploratory-analysis-of-muffled-voices https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).27 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Use of Differentiated Instructions for the Inclusion of All Learners: Insights from the Prospective Teachers in Pakistan Afaf Manzoor Gulfam Nawaz Hina Munir Pedagogy Instructions Inclusion Teacher Education Differentiated Instruction The move for inclusive education has successfully completed the advocacy phase of this new concept in Pakistan. Punjab is now actively engaged in adapting its entire system of over fifty thousand primary schools to embark on this new journey. It seems, therefore, important to see to what extent the prospective teachers are ready to take up this task in the future. This study was conducted to investigate the perceptions of prospective teachers about the knowledge and use of differentiated instructions to implement inclusive education effectively in regular classrooms. DIS; Roy, Guay, and Valois (2015)were used to collect data. The sample of the study consisted of 162 prospective teachers enrolled in B.Ed.Hons. Education and B.Ed. Hons. Special Education in two major public sector universities. The findings of the study indicated that prospective teachers understand differentiated instruction as a strategy in inclusive education, but they lack knowledge in practicing and adaptation processes. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Special Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/use-of-differentiated-instructions-for-the-inclusion-of-all-learners-insights-from-the-prospective-teachers-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).28 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Teachers' self-compassion on Students' Academic Achievement at Secondary School Level Safiullah Rahim Khan Hamid Ali Nadeem Teachers' self-compassion Secondary schools This descriptive research paper was to determine the impact of teachers' self-compassion and their impact on students' achievement. The population of this study was teachers and students. Two Districts, Peshawar and Charsadda, were chosen as an accessible population. There were 148government secondary schools for boys where 1649 teachers were teaching and 37349 students were enrolled, and 105 government secondary schools for girls where 917 teachers were teaching and 37420students were enrolled. A stratified random sampling technique was used, and a sample of 600 teacher's male and female teachers was selected. Similarly, a sample of 800 students' boys and girls, were selected for the study. Students' achievement scores were obtained from the class IX annual examination 2021results of BISEP. The data was analyzed through Pearson coefficient of correlation, and regression analysis was used to test of hypothesis. The study found a positive relationship between teachers' self-compassion and students' academic achievement. Humanity Publications PhD (Scholar), Department of Education, Qurtuba University of Science and Technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan, Pakistan Associate Professor, Department of Education, Qurtuba University of Science and Technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Educational Planning Policy Studies and Leadership, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-teachers-selfcompassion-on-students-academic-achievement-at-secondary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).29 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Mindset and Achievement: A Secondary School Perspective in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Bashir Muhammad Rahim Khan Safiullah Mindset Fixed mindset Growth mindset Achievement Secondary School level This descriptive research study aimed to determine the impact of students' mindsets on their academic achievement. The population comprised students enrolled at the government secondary school level in the districts Peshawar and Charsadda of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A sample of 400 boys and 398 girl students was selected through a Multi-stage random sampling technique. The self-theory version of the implicit theories of intelligence scale developed by De Castella and Byrne (2015) was used for the study. Students' achievement scores were obtained from the annual examination 2021 result of the BISE Peshawar. It was found that Students' fixed mindset had significant and strong negative, while students' growth mindset had a significant and strong positive linear relationship with students' achievement. Both students' fixed and growth mindsets significantly and strongly predicted but students' fixed mindset negatively, while students' growth mindset positively contributed towards students' achievement. The study also revealed some gender differences. Humanity Publications PhD (Scholar), Department of Education, Qurtuba University of Science and Technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan, Pakistan Associate Professor, Department of Education, Qurtuba University of Science and Technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. PhD (Scholar), Department of Education, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/mindset-and-achievement-a-secondary-school-perspective-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).30 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effectiveness of In-Service Teaching Training on Job Performance of Teachers: An Empirical Study Shahroz Gull Tariq Mahmood Khan Muhammad Naveed Jabbar In-Service Teaching Training; Job Performance; Secondary School Teachers The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of in-service teaching training on the job performance of teachers. The teaching faculty was selected as a population from the Kasur district, whereas 243 participants were designated as a sample through a random sampling technique.The questionnaire based on five points Like-rt scale was administered for data collection through the survey method. The research questions were evaluated by using SPSS-25. The findings revealed that there was a positive and moderate effect of in-service teaching training on teachers' job performance.This research may contribute to the development of the teaching-learning process at the secondary school level through the adaptation of various techniques for the development of the professional skills of teaching faculty. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of Education, Leadership and Management Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Head of the Department of Education, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effectiveness-of-inservice-teaching-training-on-job-performance-of-teachers-an-empirical-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).31 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Impact of In-service Training on Teachers' Teaching and Students' Learning Shumaila Mahmood Muqaddas Butt Aisha Manzoor Continuing Professional Development Curriculum and Instruction Trainings Impact on Student Learning Effective Teaching The study aimed to find out the impact and the outcomes of teacher training programs on teachers' professional development. A qualitative case study approach was adopted to investigate the question of interest. The setting of the study is a Primary School situated in Lahore. The data of the research is gathered through interviews, classroom observations, and focus group discussions with stakeholders involved. An overall positive impact of professional development training resulted in improved quality of the teaching as well as classroom learning. Eminently, the trained teachers felt increased motivation and started using technology to teach their subjects in which training was provided. Methods of teaching improved by promoting inquiry-based learning. The training course was also effective in promoting autonomous learning and student-centred classes. This study reemphasized the need for continuing professional development, especially curriculum and instruction-related trainings,for their benefit to teachers and students alike. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-inservice-training-on-teachers-teaching-and-students-learning https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).32 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Leadership Training on Administrative Performance of Head Teachers Muhammad Rafique Saqee Khadija Sittar Sumaira Munawar Educational Leadership Administrative Performance The current study focused on determining the impact of leadership training on the administrative performance of head teachers. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of leadership training on the administrative advancement of the public high schools' heads. The research design wasa survey, and quantitative approaches were taken. All the head teachers of District Pakpattan were taken as the population. The sample size, including both male and female heads, was eighty-eight. In order to collect the data, a self-developed questionnaire was exercised. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 23rd version was used to analyze the collected data through inferential and descriptive statistics. A large number of heads of the secondary schools found the program very beneficial and helpful regarding the administrative expertise, rapport with the supporting staff, interaction with the learners,provision of a conducive environment, record maintenance and updated knowledge of prevailing rules and regulations. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-leadership-training-on-administrative-performance-of-head-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).33 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Comparative Analysis of Direct Method and Grammar Translation Method on Student Learning in English among Secondary School Fahad Izhar Muhammad Aamir Hashmi Grammar Translation Method Direct Method and Overall Student Achievement The grammar translation method and direct method were compared in this study to see how they impacted students' English learning outcomes at secondary school. These results were obtained through the use of an experimental pre-test and post-test control group design. In this study, the participants were all students at Govt. Islamia High School Sambrial District Sialkot. Of the 148 students in 10th grade, 60 students were randomly chosen. This study's second phase used pre-test scores to assign students to experimental and control groups. For the purpose of gathering information about students' academic progress, the MCQ test was created. Six weeks of treatment (Grammar translation) were given to the experimental group. A follow-up test was administered to all participants, experimental and control alike. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The experimental and control groups were compared using a T-test. According to the results, students who were taught English through the grammar-translation method performed better on standardized tests than students who were taught the subject directly. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/comparative-analysis-of-direct-method-and-grammar-translation-method-on-student-learning-in-english-among-secondary-school https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).34 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Analysis of Minimalist Syntactic Complexity in English Writing among Secondary Level Students Muhammad Saleem Tehseen Zahra Shaista Irshad Khan Answer Sheet English Writing Minimalism Secondary Level Syntactic This research is an analysis of minimalist syntactic complexity in the syntactic structures of secondary-level students of government schools. It highlights the null constituents in the syntactic structures of students writing in annual examinations. It also finds the occurrences of null constituents in the written syntactic structures of the students. For this purpose, the researchers selected ten government high schools [male students] of district Mardan. In this research, a hundred samples of attempted answer sheets of English paper (class 9 and 10) were collected through a random sampling technique. The theoretical framework of the Noam Chomskys Minimalist program was used for this research. The syntactic structures of the attempted answer sheets of the students were analyzed through parsing (tree diagram) with the perspective of minimalism. The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively; the null constituents are discussed qualitatively, and the occurrences of null constituents shown are quantitatively through tabulation. Humanity Publications Subject Specialist (English), Elementary and Secondary Education Department, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of English, Air University Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/analysis-of-minimalist-syntactic-complexity-in-english-writing-among-secondary-level-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).35 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Assessment of Followership Styles Among Teachers Teaching in High Schools Shamas Suleman Arshad Sher Zaman Schooling Teaching Followership Followership Styles Teachers having effective follower ship styles are considered crucial for school success.However, school leaders are frequently observed complaining about the reluctant behavior of many teachers in fulfillment of their professional responsibilities, which indicates the lack of teachers having an effective follower ship style. Therefore, the study investigated the proportion of teachers in terms of their follower-ship styles, i.e. exemplary, conformist, pragmatic, passive, and alienated. A survey was conducted to obtain data from 1209 teachers selected through the two-stage random sampling technique. Data was collected using a self-developed scale to assess the teachers' follower-ship. Results revealed that pragmatic followers are highest in number and alienated are the lowest. However, teachers having exemplary follower-ship styles are at the fourth number with less than the desired proportion.Hence, authorities of teachers' recruitment and professional development may sufficiently focus on effective follower ship styles among the teachers. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/assessment-of-followership-styles-among-teachers-teaching-in-high-schools https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).36 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Gap Analysis of Competence-related Learning Outcomes of PhD Graduates Munawwar Ahmed Razia Asim Muhammad Sher Baz Ali Gap Analysis Competence-related Learning Outcomes PhD Graduates This research aimed to investigate the disparity between the levels of competence-related learning outcomes and those anticipated from PhD programmes at four public institutions in Punjab.The study was done in two parts using a mixed-methods confirmatory methodology. During the first phase, a self-designed questionnaire was used to gather electronic data from 269 PhD grads to measure their projected levels of competence-related learning outcomes. The purpose of this phase was to gather this data. Meanwhile, 72 teaching staff were questioned for confirmation of the results of the first phase of the research. PhD students predicted a high degree of knowledge gain, while faculty members believed that PhD holders displayed a moderate level of knowledge acquisition. A sample t-test demonstrated a statistically significant gap between the levels of competence-related learning outcomes realized by PhD graduates and those anticipated. According to the conclusions of the research, the HEC should include pertinent elements of the NQF in the curriculum designs for the PhD programme. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan Visiting Lecturer, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/gap-analysis-of-competencerelated-learning-outcomes-of-phd-graduates https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).37 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Precedent Study: An Approach to Learning about Design Challenges in Architectural Studio Pedagogy Aneela Yaseen Muhammad Waqas Arshia Mukhtar Precedent Study Architecture Studio Context Falsification The Application of precedents in the Instruction of Architecture Studio is an essential but frequently miscalculated component of the architecture curriculum. The Architectural Design process is an ever-evolving phenomenon. Concrete examples help to establish this evolution that includes the detailed study of Precedents. It is found that there is a connection between architectural design studio pedagogy and precedent study by thoroughly analyzing previously published literature. Since the precedents serve as the basis for further research, appropriate solutions are sought to increase relevance and performance. Therefore, Precedent-based instruction is the most effective teaching method in an Architectural design studio. This study has identified a few frequent errors when performing precedent studies, i.e., romanticizing decisions in Precedent Studies, neglecting Context, and shallow appreciation without a systematic way. This study offers potential for further research to devise an appropriate tool to conduct an analytical study of precedents to avoid falsification and non-contextual solutions. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Architecture Department, COMSATS University (CUI), Islamabad Campus, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Architecture Department, COMSATS University (CUI), Islamabad Campus, Pakistan. Lecturer, Architecture Department, COMSATS University (CUI), Islamabad Campus, Pakistan 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/precedent-study-an-approach-to-learning-about-design-challenges-in-architectural-studio-pedagogy https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).38 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Levelling the Hard Pitch of Politics in Organisations Through Code Switching: An Insider View from Education Sector Noreen Saher Iram Batool Syeda Tahira Code-switching Power Tactics Impression Management Maintaining In-group Identity Conflict Resolution Group Cohesion Pakistan Public sector universities in Pakistan have a strong political and hierarchical structure that leads to power struggles between the managers and subordinates (Shaheen, Abrar, Saleem, Shabbir, and Zulfiqar, 2021). According to Esdahl (2003), all conversations are also battles for power, and in these battles, linguistic resources can be used as tools. Therefore, the current study aims to find how code-switching, as a linguistic resource, is used as a tool to achieve higher status in the power hierarchy by the employees of a higher education institution. This research brings forward the functions of code-switching by observing the actual interactions from a native perspective and exploring the multiple goals achieved through shifting to English and Urdu during the conversation between/among employees in the organization. This paper extends a rare in-depth understanding of the role of code-switching in a public sector institution while giving directions for future research in this field. Humanity Publications Associate professor, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Associate professor, Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Research Scholar, Department of Anthropology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/levelling-the-hard-pitch-of-politics-in-organisations-through-code-switching-an-insider-view-from-education-sector https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).39 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Examining the Difference in Teachers' Instructional Behavior on the Basis of the Demographic Variables at the Secondary Level Riaz Ahmad Muhammad Aamir Hashmi Muhammad Mukhtyar Instructional Behaviour Demographic Variables Secondary Level Education This quantitative study aimed at investigating the teachers' instructional behavior on the basis of demographic variables at the secondary level. Okara and Sahiwal instructors from secondary schools took part in the research. Teachers were asked questions using a five-point scale. The data was analyzed using SPSS and the results indicated that there is no significant difference in the instructional behavior of the students based on demographic variables i.e., gender, area, experience, age, and qualification. This data may be beneficial to teachers learning motivation and how to teach and may provide valuable assistance in secondary school classes. Humanity Publications Mphil (Education Leadership and Management) Scholar, The Superior College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research (IER), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer Physics, Divisional Public School and College, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/examining-the-difference-in-teachers-instructional-behavior-on-the-basis-of-the-demographic-variables-at-the-secondary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).40 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Perceptions of Teachers about Assessment Practices at Primary Level in Private Schools of Lahore Saba Cheema Malahat Siddiqui Sajid Massod Assessment Assessment Practices Perception of Teachers Assessment is the heart of the whole teaching-learning process and is considered fundamental for students learning. The perception of the teachers plays a vital role and usually influences their own practices. Therefore, studying the perception of the teachers can be helpful in improving the quality of education. The current study, therefore, aims at studying the perception of primary teachers of private schools in Lahore about their assessment-related practices. 250 teachers across Lahore were conveniently selected as the participants of the study. A questionnaire comprising 36 items was dispersed electronically owing to ongoing COVID-19 restrictions. However, teachers were approached physically whenever possible. The findings show the examination is perceived as a tool to bring improvement both in students learning and teaching practices. It is, therefore, high time to train teachers to effectively use different modes of assessments to come at par with global standards of quality assessment systems. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Research Associate, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/perceptions-of-teachers-about-assessment-practices-at-primary-level-in-private-schools-of-lahore https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).25 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Social Support on Female Teachers Work Engagement and Organizational Commitment at Secondary School Level Khawaja Faizun Nasir Zafar Saleem Muhammad Iqbal Perceived social support Work engagement Organizational commitment. This current research study was planned to study the impact of social support on female teachers' work engagement and organizational commitment at the secondary school level in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. This research study was conducted in three districts of the Malakand region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. All female teachers in public sector schools and private sector schools were taken as the population of the study. However, 1354 teachers were selected as the sample size.Standardized research instruments were used for data collection. A total of five alternative hypotheses were formulated. The correlation coefficient, regression analysis, means score comparison and t-test were used. The entire five hypotheses were accepted. A significant relationship was found between social support and female teachers' work engagement and organizational commitment. A significant difference was found between public school female teachers and private school female teachers regarding social support. It is recommended that proper family and institutional support may be provided to female teachers to work diligently. In future, researchers may extend this research work by taking some other work-related variables like psychological capital and emotional intelligence as moderators/mediators. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Qurtuba University of Science & Information Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif AJK, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif AJK, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-social-support-on-female-teachers-work-engagement-and-organizational-commitment-at-secondary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).26 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Process of Undergraduate Health and Physical Education Program by the CIPP Model Zafar Iqbal Rahim Khan Abdul Wadood Instruction Physical Activities Medium of Instruction Rehabilitation Audiovisual Aids Evaluation This study aimed to evaluate the process (instruction, activities, and assessment methods) of undergraduate health and physical education (HPE) programs in different colleges of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province by employing the CIPP model. A quantitative research technique was used to record the students' responses about the effectiveness of the process through questionnaires. Respondents showed mixed views about different parameters of the process. Students were satisfied with the use of audiovisual aids during instruction, promotion of critical thinking, social and moral values by instruction methods, class discussion, participation of teachers and students in physical activities, and instructions before a specific activity. A significant proportion of the respondents, however, believed that teachers did not use diverse teaching strategies and effective mediums of instruction. Similarly, negative responses were observed about rehabilitation techniques, the role of mentor ship in stimulating students' interest, and the regular arrangement of physical activities. Evaluation of the HPE program by the CIPP model identified some demerits in the process which need improvement to make the program more effective. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Associate Professor, Department of Education Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/evaluation-of-the-effectiveness-of-the-process-of-undergraduate-health-and-physical-education-program-by-the-cipp-model https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).27 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Parents and Student-Athletes: The Propensity to Underestimate the Importance of Social Factors for Sports Performance Muhammad Talha Hafiz Shamshad Ali Muhammad Tahir Nazeer Social Support Social Identity Parents Support Recent investigative studies reveal that social support and parental behavior are protective against poor performance, and positive involvement is compatible with better performance. The current research investigates insights into the contribution of parental involvement to student-athletes. Student-athletes from different colleges of the district (N=202) completed a survey on an adopted questionnaire with the permission of Prof. Dr Craig Williams, assessing the perceived importance of parental behavior with student-athlete. Participants reported positively moderate to higher levels of relationship between parent's behavior and sports activity with r=.374 and a p-value less than 0.01, representing positive-relationship between parents' behavior and sports activity. The regression model also indicates the same, with an unstandardized coefficient for parent's involvement B=.326, parent's behavior B=.089and significance level less than 0.05. This research points to a range of challenges provoking those who seek to promote a greater understanding of the significance of social factors for higher sports performances. Humanity Publications Iftikhar Department of Health and Physical Education, FG Degree College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Government High School 239 RB, School Education Department, Punjab, Pakistan Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/parents-and-studentathletes-the-propensity-to-underestimate-the-importance-of-social-factors-for-sports-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).28 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Influence of Student Engagement on Academic Challenges: Does Engagement Matter? Sabiha Zafar Munaza Nausheen Student Engagement Academic challenges Prospective Teachers Prospective Teachers' Engagement The study was quantitative in nature, and a causal-comparative design was used. Researchers intended to explore the influence of student engagement on their ability to cope with academic challenges. The population of the study was prospective teachers, i.e. students enrolled in B.Ed. (Hons.)at public sector universities of Punjab, Pakistan. The sample was selected in two stages. In the first stage,universities were sampled, and in the second stage, students from these universities were sampled through the purposive sampling technique. Data was collected by using a self-constructed questionnaire(Student Engagement Tool and Academic Challenges Questionnaire). Data were analyzed by using Smart PLS-SEM. The research concluded that students who actively engaged in their studies were more inclined to meet their academic challenges. Humanity Publications PhD scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/influence-of-student-engagement-on-academic-challenges-does-engagement-matter https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).29 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Managing Group Work in the Social Studies Classrooms in Elite Schools: An Analysis of Teacher's Beliefs and Practices Umm-e-Hani Yaar Muhammad Aisha Mahmood Group Work Elite Schools Social Studies Teachers' Beliefs Phenomenological Approach Teaching students and managing their performances is a challenging task, and there are several ways to manage them. When students are grouped, their performance is much more fruitful and productive, but managing them is difficult. This research aims to find social studies teacher perspectives regarding managing group work in the elite school classroom. This study incorporated a qualitative phenomenological research design to explore social studies teachers' challenges when managing group work in their class. Purposive sampling was used to collect data from elite school social studies teachers.Semi-structured interviews were used to explore the beliefs of elite school teachers regarding group work.The study's findings suggest that group work is a general and rich approach often used by social studies teachers in elite schools. Social studies teachers face many challenges in managing group work.Moreover, students also complain about their dissatisfaction with their group members. However, it is also noted that group work increases efficiency and productivity in students and makes the classroom an interactive place to study. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of STEM Education, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/managing-group-work-in-the-social-studies-classrooms-in-elite-schools-an-analysis-of-teachers-beliefs-and-practices https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).30 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Prediction of Student Achievement through Teacher's Professional Characteristics by using Artificial Intelligence Muhammad Ismail Sheikh Haseeb Ahmad Huma Lodhi K-NN MLR AI Student Grade SVM Teacher characteristics are important for teaching learning and are important predictors of students' achievement. The present study aims to predict students' academic achievement criteria on teachers' characteristics with the help of artificial intelligence (AI). The data were collected from 100 students from one of the universities in Lahore, Pakistan, through a questionnaire comprising of teachers' characteristics effective for teaching, against a 4-point scale varying from strongly agree to strongly disagree to the find extant of the existence of certain characteristics in the teachers. The analysis was done to predict the student grade based on teacher characteristics in the class with the help of artificial intelligence. Two machine learning models were built, and their accuracy was compared. Thek-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models were built. The accuracies of the KNN and MLR were 83 Percent and 91 Percent, respectively. This work concluded that the MLR model could be effectively used to predict student performance. Humanity Publications BS B.ed Hons(2018-2022) University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. BS Electrical Engineering(2018-2022) Comsats University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/prediction-of-student-achievement-through-teachers-professional-characteristics-by-using-artificial-intelligence https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).31 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Ecological Validation of WHODAS 2.0 for Disability Assessment in Pakistan Afaf Manzoor Abdul Hameed Hina Munir Disability Assessment Out of school children Ecological validity Disability is a complicated term to define, especially in a country like Pakistan, where the definition of disability is still debatable. The existing service delivery models, including disability assessment, are based on the medical model. The objective of the study was to use the standardized instrument WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS-2.0) and establish its ecological validity for disability assessment in Pakistan. Data was collected from 371 out-of-school children with disabilities from three districts of Punjab by using the purposive sampling technique. An innovative method was used to establish ecological validity by taking 45 randomly selected cases among samples, and these cases were presented to a panel of nine experts/raters. The findings of the study concluded a correlation between raters' total score and total sample score, which was found positively strong and significant as r = .819, p = < .001, and it indicated that the use of the WHODAS 2.0 version is ecologically fit forthe use of disability assessment. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor. Department of Education. University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/ecological-validation-of-whodas-20-for-disability-assessment-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).32 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Involvement in Physical Education as Predictor of Students Health and Academic Success: A Cross-sectional Approach Anila Iqbal Salma Kausar Amjad Ali khan Involvement Physical Education Students Health and Academics College Students The purpose of the current study was to examine the contribution of college-based physical education participation to health and academic success. Additionally, gender-based differences in students' responses regarding physical education, students' health and academic success were examined.Physical education, students' health and academic achievement were examined with the help of properly validated and reliable self-made closed-ended questionnaires. Results indicated that physical education was positively and significantly related to health (r=.887) and academic success (r=.905) of college students. Regression analysis produced significant positive effects of physical education on students' health and academic achievement (p Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Physical Education, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Director Physical Education, Fauji Foundation College, Naushera Soon, Khushab, Punjab, Pakistan PhD Scholar, Asia e University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/involvement-in-physical-education-as-predictor-of-students-health-and-academic-success-a-crosssectional-approach https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).33 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Importance of Peer Review Technique for Enhancing Learning and Teaching Quality at University Level Shumaila Mahmood Farah Shafiq Nida Sharif Peer Review Feedback Students Quality Teaching Enhanced Learning This research paper explored the peer review strategy's use at the university postgraduate classroom level for enhancing students learning and quality teaching. A phenomenological study design was adopted to capture the experiences of the teachers and students. The findings indicated that peer review enhances students' understanding of curricular tasks, ability to review their own work, and ability to provide constructive feedback to others. While peer review improves one's reasoning, writing, and communication skills, in contrast, students also experience negative behaviors during peer reviewing tasks such as lack of attention related to process, biasedness, favoritism, a lack of patience, and improper language usage. University postgraduate students must be trained in peer review training because it enhances their analysis capabilities and productiveness and promotes academic integrity and ethics among students, while teachers can benefit from enhanced teaching quality. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, University of Education, Division of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, University of Education, Division of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. University of Education, Division of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/importance-of-peer-review-technique-for-enhancing-learning-and-teaching-quality-at-university-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).34 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effect of Teaching Methods on "Higher Order Thinking Skills" of Elementary Level Science Students Zubaida Khanam Ahmad Sher Awan Problem Based Learning Method (PBLM) Traditional Method (TM) Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Achievement Test of Science (ATS) The effect of two different teaching methods on "Higher Order Thinking Skills" (HOTS) of elementary-level science learners was analyzed in this research. This is an emerging field in research globally as well as in the Pakistani scenario. The research design used for this project was a "pre-test and post-test control group design". Two sections comprising 40 students were selected randomly and were taught with two different teaching methods; the "experimental group" engaged by "Problem Based Learning Method" (PBLM) while the "control group" dealt with the "Traditional Method" (TM). The academic performance of the students was evaluated through an Achievement Test of Science (ATS).Post analysis data study showed that the performance of the "experimental group" engaged by the "problem-based learning method" was better on "higher order thinking skills" at elementary level science.The study findings may be helpful for science teachers, teachers training institutions, and other educational stakeholders. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research (IER), University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Associate Professor. Institute of Education and Research (IER), University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-teaching-methods-on-higher-order-thinking-skills-of-elementary-level-science-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).35 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Analysis of Physical Facilities in Early Childhood Education: An Evidence from District Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir Nazir Haider Shah Abdul Raheem Muhammad Nadeem Tahir Early Childhood Education Physical Facilities Azad Jammu and Kashmir The study was conducted on early childhood education in the district Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The major aim of this study was to analyze the physical facilities in early childhood education in district Kotli, AJ and K. The population of the study was two hundred sixty (260) female teachers working in fifty-two (52) government primary schools of Tehsil Kotli AJ and K. The researcher used the Universal sampling technique for the selection of the sample. A questionnaire was used as a research instrument to collect data from the teachers. The researcher collected the data personally from teachers of primary school in tehsil Kotli AJ and K. The researcher used a simple mean, frequency, and percentage for the analysis of data. It was found that ECE rooms help the children to work comfortably. It is recommended that trained teachers may be hired for ECE children to enhance the quality of the ECE program in Kotli AJ and K. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan Junior Elementary Teacher, School Education Department, Azzad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Lecturer, Askri College Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/analysis-of-physical-facilities-in-early-childhood-education-an-evidence-from-district-kotli-azad-jammu-and-kashmir https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).36 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Comparative Study of The L2 Motivational Self System of Secondary Students in Public and Private Schools of Lahore Fatima Muhammad Aamir Hashmi Muhammad Sheroz Motivation L2 Integrativeness Students Private Schools Lahore Education In the modern world, learning English is seen as a very important part of education. Many countries have added English to their school curriculum. This particular study is designed the investigation whether is there any relationship between the motivational self-system in L2 and language learning achievements. Three public and three private sector schools in Lahore were selected for the sample. This study was administered with the aid of close-ended questionnaires of secondary school students in Lahore. Results of the research showed that there is a significant difference between public and private schools on the basis of gender. Cooperation between teachers and students' effective motivational strategies can easily be adapted for L2 learners, as previous studies also show that building learners' confidence and establishing positive relationships are the most important motivational strategies in the L2 learning classroom. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Secondary School Educator, School Education Department, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-comparative-study-of-the-l2-motivational-self-system-of-secondary-students-in-public-and-private-schools-of-lahore https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).37 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Mindfulness and Goal Setting Proficiency Relationship: A Case of Prospective Teachers Khadijah Butt Muhammad Shahid Farooq Mindfulness Goal Setting Proficiency Prospective Teachers This study examined the relationship between prospective teachers' mindfulness and their goal-setting proficiency. A correlation research method was used. Through a multi-stage random sampling process, a sample of 500 prospective teachers who were pursuing a BS in Education was chosen for data collection. 372 prospective teachers returned their questionnaires. Cronbach's Alpha value measured the reliability, and expert opinion was used to establish the validity of two instruments that were developed by the researcher. After collecting the data, analysis was applied that indicated a positive,moderate, and significant relationship between mindfulness and prospective teachers' goal-setting proficiency, which means prospective teachers, who believed they were mindful, showed an inclination towards having goal-setting proficiency as well. Qualitative, as well as quantitative research must be conducted to increase knowledge and fill the gaps in the literature about the potential of mindfulness and goal-setting proficiency of prospective teachers. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/mindfulness-and-goal-setting-proficiency-relationship-a-case-of-prospective-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).38 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effect of Parenting Styles on Student Performance among Secondary School Students in District Lahore Tehseen Akhter Muhammad Amir Hashmi Elizabeth Shad Parenting Style Academic Performance School Students The present study aims to investigate the association of parenting style and academic performance in school students. The sample comprised of district Lahore school students. Parent were recruited from different rural and urban areas of Lahore district. Students were asked to report information about both mother and father. The scales to study variables were used as parent burnout assessment (PBA), Emotional regulation questionnaire (EQR), Parenthood constellation (PCON),Cor parental cooperation (COP), Parent violence and neglect (PVIO), to observe parent's attitude towards student performance. Anova and t-test have been applied to test hypothesis to find out significant relationship between parenting style and student's academic performance. Findings indicate that parenting style is the significant predictor of academic performance. Further study found that there is significant relationship between parenting styles of mother with student performance but there is different between parenting style of mothers and fathers. Humanity Publications Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-parenting-styles-on-student-performance-among-secondary-school-students-in-district-lahore https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).39 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effect of Techno-Stress on the Work Behavior of University Teachers Abid Ali Khan Shumaila Shahzad Hina Gull Techno-stress Work Behavior Task Performance Counterproductive The present study aimed to explore the effect of techno stress (TS) on university teachers' work behavior (WB). The study was quantitative in nature. A total of nine universities were included in the sample of the study, such that each university was selected from each of the nine divisions of Punjab,Pakistan. There was a total of 3786 (1319 female and 2467 male) faculty members in the overall population, from which a sample of 494 faculty members was selected. The present study has been based on standardized questionnaires with written approval directly by research authors via email communication. The standardized instruments on techno stress (Ragu-Nathan et al. 2008) and work behavior (Koopmans, 2015), respectively, were used to collect data from the teachers of the universities regarding techno stress and work behavior. The inferential statistical technique regression was applied to reach the findings that techno stress had an inverse effect on the work behavior of university teachers. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Associate Professor, Department of Education, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer, Department of Education, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-technostress-on-the-work-behavior-of-university-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).40 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The nexus of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Financial Performance: Reality or Myth Farhat Ullah Khan Khalid Rehman Ahmad Ali Financial Performance Corporate Social Responsibility Profitability Marketability There has been a significant uptick in the number of global studies which analyze the empirical connection of CSR with CFP. This research will examine the correlation between CSR and CFP for cement firms trading on Stock Exchange of Pakistan (PSX). The correlation was investigated by regression analysis utilizing statistics from the companies' annual reports. It was shown that CSR positively affects market-determined profitability and ratios. Additionally, prior research supported the study's conclusions. Companies in the cement industry are encouraged to participate in CSR projects in light of the findings so that they might improve their bottom lines. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Institute of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan Lecturer, Institute of Business Administration, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-nexus-of-corporate-social-responsibility-and-corporate-financial-performance-reality-or-myth https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).41 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Relationship between Head Teachers Moral Reasoning and Their Performance Umar Farooq R. A. Farooq Adnan Maqbool Head Teachers Kohlberg's Theory Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MJ Interview Form A Moral Reasoning Performance SI Scoring Manual The study was designed to determine the relationship between the moral reasoning of headteachers of government secondary schools and their performance. The objectives of this study were (I) to explore the relationship between secondary schools' head teachers' moral reasoning and their performance and (II) to determine the correspondence between head teachers' moral reasoning and gender. Data collected from 160 head teachers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab were analyzed. For collecting data, Form "A" of Moral Judgment Interview was used as an instrument. Global stages of headteachers and their Weighted Average Scores (WAS) were determined by using Standard Issue Scoring Manual. A significant relationship was not found between moral reasoning and the performance of secondary school head teachers. Significant correspondence was not determined between the headteachers' moral reasoning and gender. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Northern University, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan Dean, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Northern University, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, University of Education Attock Campus, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-relationship-between-head-teachers-moral-reasoning-and-their-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).42 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Exploring Organizational Environment of Public Universities of Punjab Sajid Mahmood Sajid Muhammad Jamil Noor Muhammad Organizational Environment University Teachers Public Universities The study was conducted to examine the organizational environment of public universities.The essence of the study was quantitative, in that a survey questionnaire based on five-point Likert scales was utilized for the collection of data. The population of the current study was made up of all of Punjab's public universities. Six universities were randomly selected for the sample. The data were collected from the proportionate randomly selected four hundred university teachers. To analyze the public universities' environment, the Mean score was calculated for the selected sample. On the basis of demographic variables, T-tests and ANOVA were applied to understand the environment of public universities based on demographic variables. The results of the study showed a good organizational environment of the public universities in the Punjab province. Humanity Publications Ph.D Education, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer (Education), Department of Education, GC Women University Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-organizational-environment-of-public-universities-of-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).43 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Repositioning Professional Identity during COVID 19 Lock Down: Recording the Lived Experiences of Female School Teachers Noreen Saher Bushra Farooq Tayyaba Khalid Female Teachers Identity Renegotiation COVID-19 Pakistan. This paper is based on a case study of a public sector school aiming to get an in-depth insiders' view on the complex phenomenon of repositioning professional identity among school teachers during the COVID-19 lock down. Scholarship has already highlighted the issue of the negotiated identity of women during the pandemic (Safdar and Yasmin, 2020), though how female school teachers experience this phenomenon has been missed out. Considering the significance as well as unavailability of literature on this issue, this paper is going to unravel the process of identity renegotiation among female teachers and aspires to contribute to the body of knowledge revealing the impact of COVID on human behavior and life. This paper will also discuss the implications and extend guidance for future research in this field. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Lecturer, Faculty of Social Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/repositioning-professional-identity-during-covid-19-lock-down-recording-the-lived-experiences-of-female-school-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).44 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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English Language Classroom: A Factor Obstructing Communicative Collaboration among L2 Teachers and Students Humaira Akbar Muhammad Asif Saeed Ahmad Communicative Collaboration English Language Classroom ESL Teachers ESL Students The key objective of the study was to 'determine the views of ESL students regarding English language classroom environment in obstructing communicative collaboration and to assess the impact of English language classroom environment in obstructing communicative collaboration among ESL students. To realize the prior drive this research uses the mixed method approach and for the proper execution of this work the researcher collected data through a questionnaire. Research data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). A major portion of the students agreed that the existing classroom environment of BS English is absolutely unfavorable for the best communicative interaction as it produces negative impacts on learning. This undesirable situation can be altered altogether by extending the role of the English language teacher as in most of the Outer Circle countries like Pakistan teacher is considered the custodian of the class and the most authoritative figure in the ESL classroom. Humanity Publications Visiting Lecturer, Department of English, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of English, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of English, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/english-language-classroom-a-factor-obstructing-communicative-collaboration-among-l2-teachers-and-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).45 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Perceived Role of Institutional Support in Developing Civic Sense Among University Students Muhammad Saleem Haider Muhammad Mukhtyar Muhammad Aamir Hashmi Institutional Support Cultivation Civic Awareness Civic Sense Social Morals Law-abiding Citizens The purpose of this qualitative research work was to investigate the impact of institutional support in cultivating civic awareness among university students. Twenty students from the University of Okara were selected and interviewed through semi-structured interviews. The obtained data were analyzed through thematic analysis to reach the findings of the research. Results showed that university students are somehow lacking civic education or training by the institution. It is all due to the minimal provision of awareness to students about the civic sense and makes them understand their role as productive members of a society, which is provided by the family, instructors, and institutes. In light of the findings of this study, this study suggested that there is a dire need for awareness about civic sense and social morals among university students, along with setting up incentives to make students law-abiding citizens. Humanity Publications MPhil (ELM) Scholar, The Superior College Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer Physics, Divisional Public School and College, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Elementary Education, Punjab University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/perceived-role-of-institutional-support-in-developing-civic-sense-among-university-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).46 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Parental Punishment on Students' Behavior in School Mushtaq Ahmad Ahmad Bilal Cheema Muhammad Naveed Khalid Parental Punishment Physical Punishment Emotional Punishment Psychological Punishment Students' Behavior in School Despite numerous studies on parental punishment, there is a deficiency of knowledge on how parental punishment can affect the students' behaviour in schools. The present study was conducted to explore the relationship between Parental Punishment on Students' Behavior in School. The sample of 400 students (200 male and 200 female) was conveniently selected from private and public secondary schools of tehsil Sargodha. A self-developed questionnaire consisting of demographic information and a subscale of emotional,psychological and physical punishment was used. Data were analysed by applying descriptive statistics.Findings revealed that the majority of secondary level students were receiving moderate and severe level parental punishment; male students received more parental punishment than female students. The majority of students receiving parental punishment showed bad and poor behaviour in school. It is recommended that parents should not punish their children, and this practice may be discouraged by guiding parents in parent's teacher meetings. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Resource Person, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-parental-punishment-on-students-behavior-in-school https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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University Teachers' Instructional Practices in relation to Epistemic and Pedagogical Believes Syed Mazhar Ali Kazmi Amna Yousaf Rizwana Habib Pedagogic Epistemic Instructional Practices The study examines if the epistemic and pedagogic beliefs of Pakistani university teachers' have relationship with their classroom instructional practices. 100 teachers conveniently selected from both public and private universities situated in Punjab were approached to conduct quantitative survey.Descriptive and inferential statistics including mean and standard deviation and regression respectively were applied to analyze the collected data through SPSS 21. Beliefs and practices of Pakistani university teachers were explored and relationship between them was discovered. Demographic characteristics were also analyzed to see their effects on teachers' beliefs and practices. Significant relationship was found between the variables. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/university-teachers-instructional-practices-in-relation-to-epistemic-and-pedagogical-believes https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).41 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Flipped Classroom Approach to Enhance Student's Academic Performance at the University Level: Teacher's Perspective Asma Shahzadi Shazia Shahzadi Naureen Munir Flipped Classroom Students Teachers University. One instructional strategy that is getting popularity is known as the "flipped classroom paradigm of learning." In this pattern, lectures and other activities that would normally take place in the classroom, such as demonstrations, are carried out at the students' homes. On the other hand,activities that would normally be carried out outside of the classroom are carried out in the classroom.There is a scarcity of evidence on the efficacy of this instructional technique at present. The purpose of this survey was to add to the expanding body of evidence regarding the flipped classroom model of education by investigating how pre service instructors perceive the model as well as how it affects the academic performance of students. When comparing the flipped model to the traditional approach, we found that the conventional method produced significantly better results in terms of academic achievement. In addition to this, we came up with several possible elements that have an influence. Humanity Publications Phd Scholar Education, Asia e University, Malaysia. Phd Scholar, Department of Social and Behavioural Science, Psychology, Asia e university, Malaysia. Lecturer Psychology, National University of modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/flipped-classroom-approach-to-enhance-students-academic-performance-at-the-university-level-teachers-perspective- https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).47 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Symbolic Interactionist Analysis of the Challenges Researchers Face in their Relationship with the Supervisors during Academic Research Ayesha Shahzad Uzma Quraishi Afifa Khanam Symbolic Interaction Researchers Supervisors Academic Research This study explores the problems and obstacles researchers face while maintaining a successful relationship with their supervisors during academic research. Symbolic interaction believes that relationships depend on interaction and can be interpreted symbolically. A constructivist paradigm was used for this qualitative study using focused group discussions with postgraduate students from public universities in Punjab, Pakistan. A purposive sampling strategy was used and 10 focused group discussions were conducted with 4-7 participants in each group. After the coding, the data were thematically analyzed. The themes revealed that researchers' own lack of motivation and aptitude are the most prevalent problems. Also, supervisors' lack of expertise, unavailability, lack of commitment and even abandonment, their professional engagements and their attitude cause trouble in the development of a successful relationship. However, positive reinforcements, the role of expectations in shaping the relationship and accountability are some of the suggested ways that can improve the relationship. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of STEM Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of STEM Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of STEM Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-symbolic-interactionist-analysis-of-the-challenges-researchers-face-in-their-relationship-with-the-supervisors-during-academic-research https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).48 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Existing Infrastructural Facilities as Factor for Paucity among National Level Cricketers; A Survey from Baluchistan Muhammad Aslam Soniha Aslam Infrastructure Required Facilities Paucity The present study was focused to survey the factors responsible for paucity among national level cricketers. For this purpose, a sample of (n=100) first class cricketers was recruited from the list obtained from Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB), Lahore, Pakistan. The required data were collected with the help of self-structured questionnaires. The collected data were accordingly processed through Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 26. Statistical tests including Pearson correlation, linear regression and t-Test were accordingly applied. The results revealed that available facilities in the shape of grounds, coaches, and financial support significantly correlated with paucity of national level cricketers (.777**, .659**, .561** and p=.000). Likewise, participants having different age group and experience in sport reported no statistically significant difference in existing infrastructural sports facilities and paucity of Cricket (p Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Centre for Physical Education, Health and Sports Sciences University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Professor, Centre for Physical Education, Health and Sports Sciences University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/existing-infrastructural-facilities-as-factor-for-paucity-among-national-level-cricketers-a-survey-from-baluchistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).49 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Analysing Show Cause Notices based on Applied Genre Analysis: a Multi- perspective Model Mehreen Zafar Danyal Raza Afraz Latif Show Cause Notices Genre Analysis Applied Genre Analysis Corpus The current research papers targets to investigate the genre of Show Cause notices (SCNs) based on theoretical approaches of genre analysis (Bhatia, 1999) and applied genre analysis (Bhatia, 2002). The reason to carry the said study is to identify the correlation among the textual, generic and social perspectives of Show cause notices. The corpus of ninety show cause notices was gathered and analyzed by applying applied genre analysis: a multi-perspective model of Bhatia (2002). The theoretical concerns (1999) directed towards the language use in four categories; purpose, products, process and players which are affirmed through the analytical analysis. The findings through qualitative and quantitative paradigms of research represented that purpose of the SCNs and lexico-grammatical features are the mainstreams to suggest the structure patterning in the text to shape such genre as highly formal, objective and professional. The social perspective reflected the participants in no personal terms, clear separate power zones and the addresser's cognitive understanding of communicative event and purpose. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of English, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, Department of English, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, Department of English, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/analysing-show-cause-notices-based-on-applied-genre-analysis-a-multi-perspective-model https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).42 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Factors Causing Hesitation and Shyness as Barriers to L2 Learners' Speaking Skill Humaira Akbar Saeed Ahmad Aamir Hussain Communicative Barriers Hesitation L2 Learners Shyness Speaking Skill The aim of this research was to discover ‘the factors causing hesitation and shyness as barriers for L2 learners’ speaking skill and to find out the influence of hesitation and shyness as barriers for ESL learners’ speaking skill’. This study employed a questionnaire as a data collection tool. Research data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings of the study conclude that majority of the responses from the students fall from high to medium degree of mean values, which means, learners have the inclination to say that internal factors i.e. hesitation and shyness work as barriers for L2 learners' speaking skills. It is crystal clear from the findings that as hesitation and shyness increase the speaking skill of the students decreases. Likewise, as the hesitation and shyness decrease the speaking skill of the students increases. Humanity Publications Visiting Lecturer, Department of English, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of English, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, Department of English, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/factors-causing-hesitation-and-shyness-as-barriers-to-l2-learners-speaking-skill https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).43 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Knowledge-related Attained Learning Outcomes Gaps Detection and Resolution of BS Graduates Farhana Akmal Choudhry Shahid Munawwar Ahmed Knowledge-related Learning Outcomes Gaps Detection Gaps Resolution of BS Graduates The main focus of the study was to analyse knowledge-related Attained learning outcomes gaps detection and resolution of the BS graduate programme. The research design of the study was confirmatory mixed methods. During phase 1, data were collected through Google forms from seven hundred and twenty-two graduates studying in four public sector universities of Punjab. While, in phase II, ninety-six faculty members were selected for the interview schedule to confirm the results of phase-I. The claim of BS graduates was that they attained the maximum level of knowledge-related learning outcomes. While faculty members marked that BS graduates attained medium level. One sample t-test was used and found a significant gap between Anticipated and Attained levels of knowledge. The study suggested to the HEC of Pakistan, concerning the provision of the NQF document should officially include in the course outlines of the graduate programme. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Education Department, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Acting Dean, Arts and Humanities, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Education Department Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/knowledgerelated-attained-learning-outcomes-gaps-detection-and-resolution-of-bs-graduates https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).50 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Emotional Intelligence Psychological Distress and Quality of Life among School Teachers Aamir Khan M Suleman Sial Ghulam Hassan Emotional intelligence Psychological Distress Quality of Life The purpose of the research was to predict teachers' emotional intelligence, intellectual misery, and quality of life, as well as to find out how things like gender and location affect these things. The final study was quantitative and used a correlational method to analyse the results. A self-superior and coextended questionnaire is used to gather information about college professors. In the first part of the questionnaire, basic information about the person's background is collected. In the second part, the most important factors are looked at, such as EQ and signs of depression. For this study, data were taken from 200 college professors who were chosen at random. A sampling strategy makes it easy to get information from the target population. SPSS was used to look at both descriptive statistics (mean,percentage, and common deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation coefficient). The results show that the different levels of emotional intelligence among university professors are statistically different. It also turned out that teachers in private schools are more likely to be emotionally intelligent than teachers in public schools. Humanity Publications Master's of Management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China. Department of Basic Sciences and Related Studies, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Sahara Medical College, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/emotional-intelligence-psychological-distress-and-quality-of-life-among-school-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).51 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Strategies Used by the Teachers to Reduce Students' Disruptive Behavior in Classroom Um e Baneen Zuhra Qaisara Parveen Imran Yousaf Students' Behavior; Causes; Behavior Management Strategies Disruptive behaviour of students in a classroom is a serious hurdle for effective learning and teaching process. This quantitative study was conducted to explore the strategies used by the teachers to reduce disruption in the classroom and data was collected through a survey. The population of this study was all female and male teachers teaching in public sector colleges of District Chakwal. To represent the entire population, through a convenient sampling technique, 13 public sector colleges were selected from District Chakwal and 176 teachers were randomly selected for data collection purposes. A self-developed research questionnaire was used for data collection after validation and reliability assessment. The results showed that most of the teachers practice proactive, reactive, recognition and reward strategies. In the light of findings, it is recommended that teacher training institutions should introduce modern behaviour management strategies in the curriculum of teacher training programs so that, teachers can perform their teaching activities in an excellent manner. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/strategies-used-by-the-teachers-to-reduce-students-disruptive-behavior-in-classroom https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).52 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Study of Head Teachers' Leadership Qualities and Teachers' Attitude to Teaching towards School Performance Shazia Bibi Ifrah Khalid Zunaira Fatima Head Teachers (HT) Leadership qualities (LQ) Teachers Attitudes (TA) School Performance (SP) Education is a social paradigm. The objectives of the current study were to; figure out the basic needs for successful leadership, determine the leadership tools and service delivery methods that advance to greater performance leadership, to analyze the impact of teachers' attitudes towards teaching in high-performing schools. This is a quantitative research design and descriptive method. A survey includes questionnaires for data collection with the intention to generalize from a sample to a population. Male and female teachers and principals teaching at secondary public schools' tehsil Chichawatni District Sahiwal were the populations of the study. A sample of 60 Principals (30 male and 30 female) and 240 teachers (120 male and 120 female) were selected. The researcher used self-developed two questionnaires one for teachers and one for principals to collect the data and it was validated by the experts. The data were analyzed through (frequency distribution) and the Inferential method (t-test, ANOVA). Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer Department of Economics, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-study-of-head-teachers-leadership-qualities-and-teachers-attitude-to-teaching-towards-school-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).44 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Perception of Teachers Towards Students' Career Choices at the University Level Raham Zaid Muhammad Israr Muhammad lshaq Perception of Teachers Students' Career Choices Career Knowledge Finding a meaningful career path is a turning point in a student's development as a person and a member of society. A Mixed-methods Explanatory Sequential design was used to collect and analyse the data. The population of the study was all of the professors of universities in Lahore, Pakistan sample size was 456 professors. Surveys were used to get quantitative data, which was then analysed with SPSS. The goal of this study was to find out how making well-informed choices about a young person's future can affect their chances of getting a job. As a result, researchers came up with new ways to help college students with career counselling that have worked well. There were both theoretical and practical implications of the study's findings, as well as possible directions for further research. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir Upper, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/perception-of-teachers-towards-students-career-choices-at-the-university-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).53 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Conceptual Study regarding the Effect of Cognitive Anxiety and Self-confidence on the Performance of Basketball and Volleyball Players Rehana Kousar Bilal Ahmad Qureshi Manzar Shabab Yousaf Self-confidence Cognitive Anxiety Volleyball Basketball Player's Performance The goal of the current study was to find out how cognitive anxiety and self-confidence affected the performance of basketball and volleyball players. Female intercollegiate volleyball and basketball players made up the study's sample. For this investigation, a stratified sampling strategy was employed. Each segment's sample of 150,150 females age was limited to 16 to 21 (Mean=18.5 and Stander Deviation=1.87). Female basketball and volleyball teams from Sargodha District College that took part in the district of Sargodha in Sargodha District from 2015 to 2016 were the only ones included in the innovative study. To investigate the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable, adopted questionnaires were utilized. The data was tabulated and then subjected to regression and inferential statistics. Results showed that anxiety has a significant negative impact on the performance of basketball and volleyball players. Additionally, it was discovered that there was no association between dependent and independent variables. It was suggested that the coaches should receive extensive facilitation as a coping mechanism to boost their self-assurance and prevent worry, which would ultimately improve their performance. Additionally, it was suggested that coaches and trainers may provide a peaceful environment to athletes and basketball and volleyball players so that they keep away from cognitive anxiety and enhance their self-confidence. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Higher Education Department, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD. Scholar, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei, China PhD Scholar, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/conceptual-study-regarding-the-effect-of-cognitive-anxiety-and-selfconfidence-on-the-performance-of-basketball-and-volleyball-players https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).54 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Transformational Leadership Matter to Enhance Work Performance of University Academic Faculty: An Empirical Study Farah Qadir Malik Muhammad Naveed Jabbar Haq Nawaz Transformational Leadership Job Performance University Academicians The main objective of the research was to examine the effect of transformational leadership on the performance of academic staff. The correlational research design was administered based on quantitative research. The population of this study was public university academic staff while 243 respondents were selected through a random sampling technique. The primary data was collected by administering the standardized toll through the survey method while SPSS was directed to analyze the study hypothesis. The results indicated a significant correlation between transformational leadership and job performance. Additionally, a significant effect of transformational leadership on job performance was found. Significantly, the findings of this study are beneficial to adopt innovative strategies to develop higher educational institutions through effective leadership styles. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, National College of Business Administration & Economics (NCBAE) Main Campus Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Head of the Department, Department Education, National College of Business Administration & Economics (NCBAE) Main Campus Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, National College of Business Administration & Economics (NCBAE) Main Campus Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/transformational-leadership-matter-to-enhance-work-performance-of-university-academic-faculty-an-empirical-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).45 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect of Early Childhood Teachers Classroom Practices on Preschool Learners Thinking: National Standards Perspective Naveed Tufail Rafaqat Ali Akbar Preschool Learner Thinking Classroom Practices National Minimum Standards A country's development is inextricably linked to its education, and education is inextricably linked to early childhood education. Early childhood learners' conceptual and logical thinking is one of the standards' main themes. It's important to look into teachers' classroom practices and how they affect preschoolers' thinking. It's also vital to see if teachers' classroom practices are effectively linked to learners' need for conceptual and logical thinking, therefore the study's goal was to assess the effect of teachers' classroom practices as indicated in the National Minimum Standards. The study's population consisted of two groups: early childhood school students and teachers from schools in Punjab that have ECE classrooms. The study employed a casual comparative research design. 300 learners and 30 teachers were chosen from 30 schools in Punjab province. Two instruments were used to collect data on two variables. To determine learners' conceptual thinking and logical thinking, an activity-based test based on the National Minimum Standards for thinking of preschool learners was developed. Teachers' data on their classroom practices for learners' thinking was also collected. The data also show that when it comes to learning, rural and urban students are completely different in the phase of thinking. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. Director Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-early-childhood-teachers-classroom-practices-on-preschool-learners-thinking-national-standards-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).46 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Linking Head Teachers' Effectiveness Measured through Self-Evaluation with their School Performance Muhammad Irfan Malik Muhammad Akram Abdul Hameed Qamar School Performance Head Teachers' Effectiveness Teacher Evaluation Instructional Leadership Communication and Community Relations Organizational Management School Climate The study examined the effect of self-evaluation of head teachers’ effectiveness on school performance through quality indicators: teacher evaluation, instructional leadership, organizational management, school climate, and communication and community relations. School performance is defined as the extent to which long or short-term educational targets are achieved by teachers, students and schools. In district Sahiwal, 104 head teachers evaluated their own effectiveness on HTEQ developed by researchers by selecting them conveniently. For school performance, MEAs' monthly visit reports were used to collect the data on the factors: teacher presence, school cleanliness, functioning of facilities and student presence, while data on student achievement scores were obtained from their schools. The study found that head teachers implemented these indicators effectively and their schools' performance was also at an excellent level. The study revealed a moderate relationship between both of the variables (r=.54). The study also revealed that a 41% variance in the performance of schools was explained through all five factors of head teachers’ effectiveness. Humanity Publications Lecturer in Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education & Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Instructor, Human Resource Development Centre, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/linking-head-teachers-effectiveness-measured-through-selfevaluation-with-their-school-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).47 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Role of Communication Technology in Students Learning at Graduate level in District Lahore Shazia bibi Mussarat Habib Ifrah Khalid Communication Technology (CT) City Lahore (CL) The Role of Technology in students learning at Graduate level in Lahore. The objective of the current study was to; (1) identify the technology being used by the students for their learning. (2) To find out the uses of Communication Technology in learning at graduate level students in the city of Lahore. The population of the study was all Towns of the city of Lahore. The simple random sampling technique was used for the study. Through the simple random technique, 4 graduate colleges and 100 students were selected for B.S Program. Data is gathered through a research tool from students (20 items). Through statistical analysis results show that most students (87%) prefer the use of communication Technology in learning, they have developed confidence in practising learning (74%), and the interdisciplinary nature of support functions of technology helps students to integrate their learning (68%). On the other hand, most students lack communication resources in their institutes. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/role-of-communication-technology-in-students-learning-at-graduate-level-in-district-lahore https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).55 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Assessing the Awareness and Preparedness of Students and Teachers regarding the Covid-19 Pandemic in Higher Education institutions of Pakistan (A case study of Kohat University of Science and Technology) Shah Jehan Muhammad Naseer Ud Din Faridullah Khan Covid-19 Pandemic KUST Higher Education Awareness Preparedness Knowledge Pakistan This study examines the COVID-19 awareness and preparedness of faculty and students at Kohat University of Science and Technology. This study aims to assess knowledge levels, adherence to preventive measures, and preparedness for potential outbreaks among students and teachers. The research was carried out at Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST) with a sample size of 200, comprising 100 teachers and 100 students. Data were obtained via a self-designed questionnaire. The study indicates that teachers possess greater knowledge and readiness than students in areas such as symptom recognition, hygiene habits, university policies, and virtual education. Gender-based statistical analysis reveals significant differences, with males exhibiting higher mean scores. The study suggests recommendations to enhance knowledge dissemination, preparedness, and safety measures in KUST based on the obtained results. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/assessing-the-awareness-and-preparedness-of-students-and-teachers-regarding-the-covid19-pandemic-in-higher-education-institutions-of-pakistan-a-case-study-of-kohat-university-of-science-and-technology https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).58 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Development and Validation of Quality Teaching Scale Naheed Akhter Muhammad Shahid Farooq Development Validation of Instrument Quality Teaching Teachers’ Instructional Effectiveness Elementary Schools Province of Punjab This study was conducted to develop and validate the instrument 'Quality Teaching Scale" for elementary schools in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. In order to guide the study, two research questions were raised. The population of the study was 29125 8th class students in public elementary schools in the province of Punjab. A sample of 797 elementary students, 386 boys and 411 girls were selected through multi-stage random sampling techniques. The reliability of the instrument was established through Cronbach Alpha statistics which yielded a coefficient of .942. Smart PLS was used to measure the construct validity of the instrument. It was recommended that a quality teaching scale should be used by schools at all levels to know about the real situation of teachers' teaching process and suggest improvement in case of shortcomings. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/development-and-validation-of-quality-teaching-scale https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).56 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Work Engagement and Job Performance of Teachers: A Correlational Study Ahsaan Siddique Bilqees Khanum Bushra Haleem Work Engagement Job Performance Secondary School Teachers The current study looked at the relationship between secondary school teachers' job performance and their work engagement in the Punjab province. Correlation research was the method of choice for this investigation. The participants in the study were secondary school instructors. The sample for the study was selected using a multi-stage random sampling technique. The sample included 314 secondary school teachers. There were two closed-ended questions used in the study. To confirm the accuracy and dependability of the research tools, a pilot study was carried out. "Pearson r, independent sample t-test, one way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey, and linear regression" were used for data analysis. The results of the study showed a significant connection between teachers' job performance and their work engagement. Men and women in teaching exhibit considerably different work levels engagement and job performance. The results showed that depending on their prior teaching experience, teachers' degrees of work engagement varied substantially. The study's conclusions showed that work engagement had a favorable effect on teachers' ability to do their jobs. Therefore, it is advised that teachers engage in their work in order to carry out their responsibilities in a classroom setting effectively. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Education, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Instructor, Department of Education, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/work-engagement-and-job-performance-of-teachers-a-correlational-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).48 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Phonetic Aspect of Russian as a Foreign Language for Effective Teaching in Pakistan Ekaterina Gavrishyk Sajjad Mubin Learning Russian language Language Environment Phonetic Skill Urdu Pronunciation Phoneme This research was meant to analyze and categorize the problems being faced by Pakistani students while learning the phonetic aspect of the Russian language in the absence of the Russian language environment. The main attention is paid to a comparative analysis of phonemes of the Russian and Urdu languages for developing effective studying Russian language by Pakistani students. Considered techniques for teaching the phonetic aspect of the Russian language are developed not only at the level of a phoneme but also at the level of a word and the group of words as a part of a sentence.The conclusion and recommendations mentioned in the article may be used for effective teaching to Pakistani students in the absence of a Russian language environment. Humanity Publications Institute of Languages and Linguistics (ILL), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-phonetic-aspect-of-russian-as-a-foreign-language-for-effective-teaching-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).49 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:393928 2020-09-30 gesr

Quality of Life among Caregivers of Psychiatric Patients: Educational Qualification and Gender Differences Najia Zulfiqar Somayia Hafeez Alveera Habib Caregivers Gender Psychiatric Illness Qualification Quality of Life Families of psychiatric patients experience challenges to maintain personal well-being. The present study aimed to compare the quality of life among caregivers of psychiatric patients against the general public. A cross-sectional study was carried out on sub-samples of caregivers (n = 123) and the general public (n = 146) belonging to middle socioeconomic status in districts Haripur and Abbottabad. Participants responded to the Urdu version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BRIEF). They also provided information about gender (men = 48%, women = 52%), age (18-40 years), marital status, and educational level. The findings of the Mann-Whitney U test showed caregivers had a poor quality of life in physical, psychological, social relations, and environmental health domains. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences in the quality of life of participants across six levels of education, and caregivers with graduate degrees had a better quality of life than those with elementary, middle, or matric certifications. However, gender differences were absent, as hypothesized. Findings highlight the significance of the personal well-being of caregivers by providing them with counseling and psychoeducation to cope with the caregiving stressors. Humanity Publications PhD, Department of Psychology, The University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan. Department of Psychology, The University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan. Undergraduate Student, Department of Psychology, The University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan. 2020-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/quality-of-life-among-caregivers-of-psychiatric-patients-educational-qualification-and-gender-differences https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2020(V-III).42 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 5, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Content and Language Integrated Learning on Students' Speaking Proficiency at Primary Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Zaheer Ullah Ghani Rahman Laraib Rahat CLIL Speaking Proficiency Primary Level Group Discussion Pair Conversation Mini Projects There are different teaching-learning methodologies being used by practitioners. Content and Learning Integrated Learning (CLIL) is one of the emerging language teaching methods. This method is a dual-learning approach which focuses on language learning and content knowledge at the same time. The present research study is about CLIL's impact on the students' speaking proficiency at the primary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The researchers selected grade fifth students for the research. The respondents of the study were 24 in number, divided into two groups, i.e., experimental and control groups. The pre-speaking test was administered to both groups before the intervention. After the pre- speaking test, the experimental group was intervened with the CLIL method. The data analyzed through SPSS showed a significant difference between the scores of post-tests of the control and experimental group. Similarly, very little difference was found in the results of the pre-test and post-test of the control group which showed that CLIL had a positive impact on speaking proficiency at the primary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The present study recommended that CLIL should be implemented at a large scale for learning the English language. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of English, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of English, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of English, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2022-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-content-and-language-integrated-learning-on-students-speaking-proficiency-at-primary-level-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-II).57 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Brain-based Teaching Practices on Students Learning Achievements in Mathematics at Secondary Level Shah Muhammad Binyameen Muhammad Naseer Ud Din Faridullah Khan Working Memory Learning Achievements Mathematics The purpose of this research project was to determine how brain-based instruction techniques affect secondary students' academic outcomes in mathematics. The sample for the research project comprised 90 students studying mathematics in grade 9. The researcher and math specialists created the tool to determine the effect of brain-based teaching on pupil educational accomplishments. To analyze the data and determine the mean disparity in the academic results of students with excellent, average, or poor performance, Post Hoc Test was used. The intent of the preliminary test was to assign students to trial and control categories based on how well they performed on the examination. Pupils in the experimental group were taught using a brain-based teaching approach while students belonging to the control group were taught using a conventional teaching method. Results of the study demonstrate that students belonging to the experimental group showed far better performance in the post-test compared to students taught through the traditional teaching method. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan Professor, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. 2022-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-brainbased-teaching-practices-on-students-learning-achievements-in-mathematics-at-secondary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-I).50 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:394358 2021-03-30 gesr

Factors Affecting Teachers' Turnover Intention: A Study of Cadet Colleges in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Farid Ullah Khan Munir Khan Muhammad Naseer Ud Din Turnover Intention Financial Factor Managerial Factor Job Satisfaction Job Stress Individual Factor Family Factor Cadet College Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Teachers This study investigated the effects of financial, managerial, job satisfaction, job stress, individual, and family factors on the turnover intention of teachers in cadet colleges in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study's nature is quantitative, using a survey questionnaire to collect the perspectives of educators. The study utilised simple random sampling to choose a sample of 223 teachers. The study found that educators faced intricate challenges and were considering quitting their current job upon finding another opportunity. The study found a significant correlation between turnover intention and five factors: managerial, job satisfaction, job stress, individual, and family. The study's multiple linear regression analysis found significant correlations between teachers' turnover intention in cadet colleges and their job satisfaction, job stress, and individual and family factors. The financial factor has a weak correlation and no significant influence on turnover intention. Cadet college administrators can use the study's findings to improve these criteria to prevent teacher turnover. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. 2021-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/factors-affecting-teachers-turnover-intention-a-study-of-cadet-colleges-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-I).43 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 1 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:394376 2021-06-30 gesr

An Analysis of Ideological Load In English Textbooks of Middle and Secondary Levels Published by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Textbook Board, Peshawar Rashid Mustafa Faridullah Khan Muhammad Nisar Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) National Ideology (NA) Religious Ideology (RI) Literacy Contents (LC) This research examines the inclusion of ideological elements in English textbooks for 6th to 10th grades, developed by the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Text Board Peshawar. The study focuses on assessing whether these ideological elements are suitable for students' linguistic needs. The research design combines quantitative and qualitative methods. Firstly, data on ideological elements in the targeted textbooks is collected. Secondly, the study determines the students' need for ideological content through a pre-tested questionnaire administered to English teachers in District Karak. The selected text from the books is analyzed using Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis Procedure, considering various dimensions required for the research. A significant majority of teachers, 69%, strongly advocate for the transfer of Pakistan Studies and Islamiat ideology information from English textbooks to appropriate curriculum courses. Linguistic analysis of the selected data reveals that the literary text in the courses demonstrates a higher degree of linguistic authenticity compared to the ideological lessons. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP Pakistan. 2021-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/an-analysis-of-ideological-load-in-english-textbooks-of-middle-and-secondary-levels-published-by-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-textbook-board-peshawar https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2021(VI-II).28 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Identification Of Motivational Factors for Conducting Academic Research Among University Researchers: A Case Study of PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Ammarah Shafqat M. Imran Yousuf M. Imran Academic Research Motivation Nominal Group Technique Research Output Social Recognition Universities research has become an essential component of higher education and researchers' motivation and their output of research are thought to be strongly correlated. The main purpose of this study was to identify the driving forces behind PhD scholars' decisions to pursue research at PMAS Arid Agriculture University in Pakistan. The nature of the research was exploratory and Nominal Group Technique was applied, to a nominal group of 15 academic scholars. The Nominal Group approach was used in different steps (idea generation, selection, listening, clarification, and ranking and consensus stages). The NGT's results were classified into five categories: social recognition, supervisor support and coordination, intended outcomes, theoretical preferences, and a sense of achievement. Participants gave less preference to the element that their interest in research activities inspired them to conduct research and more preference to the factor that acknowledgement from society was an incentive for them to undertake research. Humanity Publications M. Phil Scholar, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, PMAS- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpind, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/identification-of-motivational-factors-for-conducting-academic-research-among-university-researchers-a-case-study-of-pmasarid-agriculture-university-rawalpindi https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Perspectives of Students Regarding Abusive Supervision in their Division at Secondary Education Umar Draz Nasir Mehmood Khan Hina Mehmood Perspective Abusive Supervision Students Secondary Level The research study aimed to investigate the perspectives of students regarding Abusive supervision in their division of secondary education. The design of the research study was descriptive and quantitative in nature. A survey method was used for data from the sample of the study. The population of the study consisted of students of government boys' secondary school districts in Lahore. Thirty-one secondary schools were taken as a sample through the lottery method. There were 150 students from the secondary level taken as a sample through a random sampling technique. A survey questionnaire was distributed among students after taking permission from the school head through a consent letter. The response rate was 95%. The researcher used a self-developed questionnaire for data collection. Data were analyzed through frequency, mean score and standard deviation of each statement was calculated. It was concluded that abusive supervision has become a serious problem at the secondary school level which may be solved. Humanity Publications M. Phil Scholar, Division of Education, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer of Sociology, Department of Sociology, University of Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan. Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/perspectives-of-students-regarding-abusive-supervision-in-their-division-at-secondary-education https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Elementary School Teachers' Perspectives on the Science Textbook Saima Akram Sana Butt Yaar Muhammad Elementary School Teachers Education Science Textbook Students Within the school context, the goal of developing scientific literacy in students can be achieved if certain provisions such as quality textbooks are made accessible to students. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the objectives and content of existing science textbooks through the perceptions of elementary science teachers. The assumption was that the teacher could better judge the objectives and content of the textbook. The study followed the quantitative approach to the research design. More specifically, survey research was used. Data were collected using convenient sampling techniques. The sample comprised science teachers (Seventy-one teachers from private schools and thirty teachers from public schools) of elementary level. A self-constructed five-point Likert scale questionnaire was used to collect data from elementary science teachers. The findings of the study show that the book, in its present form, does not fulfil the objectives of science. The weaknesses of the book are that it focuses only on covering the curriculum martial and ignores that content, which helps the students develop scientific literacy. Humanity Publications MPhil. Graduate, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Graduate, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Government College Women's University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/elementary-school-teachers-perspectives-on-the-science-textbook https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Metacognitive Skills Training: Exploring the Role in Pupil Teachers' Academic Performance Muhammad Shahid Zulfiqar Ali Ashfaq Afzal Fizzah Mushtaq Metacognition Metacognitive Skills Pupil Teachers Academic Performance The current study was conducted to explore the role of Metacognitive skills in prospective teachers' academic performance. Qualitative research was conducted. The Interpretivist paradigm has been followed for this study. This study was a follow-up of a quantitative experiment The sample of four male and four female prospective teachers enrolled in the B.Ed Honors in a public university has been selected with the help of a purposive sampling technique. A semi-structured interview protocol consisting of 10 items was used for the data collection. The data was analyzed with the help of Thematic analysis. According to the research participants' views, they not only learnt Metacognitive skills but also used them during their studies and task performance. They found these skills helpful in conducting the tasks successfully and effectively. So, it is recommended that teacher educators should use Metacognitive development strategies to develop these skills in prospective teachers. Humanity Publications Visiting Lecturer, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Head of Education Department, Pakistan Gospel Mission Master in Secondary Education & Teacher Training, AIOU, Islamabad, Pakistan 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/metacognitive-skills-training-exploring-the-role-in-pupil-teachers-academic-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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A Comparative Analysis of School Teachers' Teaching Aptitude Muhammad Aqeel Raza Farah Deeba Robina Faqir Teaching Profession Teaching Aptitude ESTs SSTs The teaching profession is incomplete without teachers' personal aptitude towards their profession as teaching aptitude uplifts teachers' teaching competencies and gives them confidence in their profession. Keeping in view the utmost significance of teaching aptitude for school teachers, this study was conducted with the purpose of comparing the teaching aptitude of elementary school teachers and secondary school teachers in schools of three districts of the Multan division in Punjab province. The sample for the study was comprised of 300 teachers including 171 ESTs and 129 SSTs which were selected by using a simple random sampling technique. For the measurement of the aptitude of teachers of both cadres, Dahiya & Singh's Teaching Aptitude Test (2004) was used. For the analysis of data, Mean score and z-test was used. The results revealed that ESTs had greater teaching aptitude than SSTs. However, the difference between the teaching aptitudes of ESTs and SSTs is insignificant. Similarly, male ESTs had a low-level teaching aptitude than male SSTs. The study recommended that teaching aptitude should be measured at the time of induction of teachers. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, NCBA & E, Multan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Ex-MPhil, Research Scholar, Department of Education, NCBA & E, Multan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-comparative-analysis-of-school-teachers-teaching-aptitude https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Obfuscating Agency in Pakistani Newspaper Reporting: A Discourse- based Perspective Tazanfal Tehseem Mubina Talaat Nominalisations Ideology Critical Linguistics Lexicogrammar and Media Discourses This paper investigates the use of strategies to obfuscate agency such as metonymic expressions, passive structures and nominalization as a resource for constructing knowledge in media discourses. The methodological framework of the study is inspired by Halliday’s (2004) concept of grammatical metaphor. Linguistic choices play a critical role in facilitating ideological information flow, for example, nominalization structure the information in ways which allow writers’ perspective on events to be conveyed to the reader (Halliday and Martin, 1993). The data for this study come from three Pakistani daily English newspapers: Dawn, the News and the Nation, selected on the basis of their wide circulation. A sample analysis has confirmed the working hypothesis that nominalizations are useful in abstracting and classifying actions and events in order to build and organize media discourses (for a fuller account see Fairclough 2010). The study explores the lexico-grammatical patterns which have been deployed to build ideological positions, maintain power relations and relate with the literature in the field that journalists use in order to inculcate particular socio-political morals in the consumers. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of English, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/obfuscating-agency-in-pakistani-newspaper-reporting-a-discourse-based-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-III).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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English Language Teacher as an External Barrier among Foreign Language Learners' Communicative Interaction: A Case Study of South Punjab Humaira Akbar Muhammad Yousuf Saeed Ahmad Communicative Interaction English Language Teacher External English Language Barriers Foreign Language Learners The key objective of the study was to 'explore EFL students' approaches towards teaching obstructions to 'improve students' communicative skill and to reconnoitre the impact of EFL learners' attitudes about teaching hurdles to increase students' communicative skill at BS level in South Punjab'.To execute the basic aim of this research uses the mixed method approach and for the proper execution of this work the researcher collected data through a questionnaire. Research data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). This research concludes that the majority of the learners agreed that they feel hesitant in speaking English with class fellows as their English language teacher hardly implies spoken language improving strategies in class, as their teacher gazes at them for their making mistakes, they cannot keep on speaking, when learners make mistakes, instead of motivating, the teacher makes them silent, their English language teacher delivers lecture in Urdu or in his native language which mars the communicative competence, their English language teacher never uses audio-visual aids in the class to improve their communication skill. Humanity Publications Visiting Lecturer, Department of English, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. English Teacher, Government Higher Secondary School Samina, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of English, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/english-language-teacher-as-an-external-barrier-among-foreign-language-learners-communicative-interaction-a-case-study-of-south-punjab- https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-III).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Content Analysis of social studies Textbook Grade V Shabana Khurshid Uzma Batool Hajra M. Ali Ideological Social and Psychological Foundation Social Studies Textbook The objective of this qualitative study is to examine the content of the fifth-year social studies textbook taught by the country, whether the content is relevant to the country's goal of a Single National Curriculum, and whether it addresses the future needs of society. The textbook contains Pakistan studies, history, geography, and economics. The findings show that the contents of the social studies textbook were relevant to the objectives of SNC but activities and model work were not as mental age of students as per psychological development mentioned in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Children of age 7-11 can learn rules and responsibilities effectively, but logically in the developing stage, they might experience difficulty in grasping the legitimate implications of those standards in uncommon environments. It was recommended that content distribution should follow Piaget's developmental stage- based model and content selection should be based on the breadth and depth of concepts contained in the SNC. Humanity Publications Department of STEM Education, Lahore College for Women University, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of STEM Education, Lahore College for Women University, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of STEM Education, Lahore College for Women University, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/content-analysis-of-social-studies-textbook-grade-v https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-III).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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An Empirical Study to Compare Gender Disparity in Assessment Practices at Secondary Level Waqas Ahmad Khan Abdul Hameed Afaf Manzoor Gender Public School Private Schools Self-Assessment Interaction With Students The primary goal of this research is to compare male and female teachers' perceptions of their assessment efficacy in public & private schools and to assess how well each gender is at fostering student participation in the examination system in public and private schools. The data used in this study was collected from male (n=226) and female (n=112) teachers working in public (n=45) and private (n=45) schools in 9 divisions of Punjab. Instrument of the study was a survey questionnaire adapted from the studies of Dr. Sue A. Rieg of the Indiana University of Pennsylvania and Mr. Richard DLC Gonzales with their permission and modified by the researcher to suit the purpose of the study. The findings show statistically significant difference in male and female teachers on school type (public vs. private) on all measures of self-assessment except for operating conditions, nature of work, and communication. Humanity Publications Fellow (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) Hiroshima University, Japan. Professor, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/an-empirical-study-to-compare-gender-disparity-in-assessment-practices-at-secondary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-III).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Focusing Curriculum Alignment to Enhance Student Learning Outcomes: Implications for English Language Teachers at Secondary Level Nosheen Akhtar Jamila Begum Sonaina Curriculum Alignment Student Learning Instructions Teaching English Language Testing English Language This study was aimed to know the perception of secondary school English language teachers regarding curriculum alignment pattern between three components; written SLOs documented in the National Curriculum 2006, teaching practices, and assessment techniques. A qualitative research design was used and 20 English language teachers from the Federal Directorate of Education, Islamabad were selected. Due to the saturation point only 12 participants (M=7, F=5) were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed, categorized and then thematically analyzed. Three main themes and eight sub-themes emerged. The main themes stressed the need to Understand curriculum alignment in terms of the English language, focus curriculum alignment at the instructional level, and align assessment with given student learning outcomes. It was found that teachers are not trained in using written curriculum document. Additionally, it was reported that equal representation was not given to four areas of language i.e., writing, speaking, listening and reading. It was, therefore, recommended that teacher training programs may be initiated to train teacher on the use of written curriculum documents and help them understand the importance of written curriculum with classroom teaching and assessments. Moreover, it is suggested to provide adequate resources to the teachers for effective implementation of written curriculum and enhancement of students learning outcomes.   Humanity Publications Research Scholar, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Research Scholar, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2022-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/focusing-curriculum-alignment-to-enhance-student-learning-outcomes-implications-for-english-language-teachers-at-secondary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-III).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Perceptions of General Education Teachers about Inclusion in Higher Education Syeda Kinza Zainab Saira Riaz Tahira Zafarullah General Education Teachers Higher Education Inclusive Education Inclusive education is a growing problem for all nations. The aim of the study was to explore the teacher's perception of inclusion in higher education. The qualitative approach was used by using a basic qualitative research design, a semi-structured interview guide. The sample of the study consisted of 12 professors from public and private universities of Lahore who have a system of inclusive education. Data was collected through a purposive sampling technique. The literature review and the interview guide both served as sources for themes. The conceptual framework used consisted of five components like self-awareness, teacher motivation, administrative support, classroom management, and differentiated instruction. For the analysed data Thematic analysis technique was used. The results of the study reported that the intuitions that work in inclusive education systems lack the necessary teacher training, infrastructure, and aids to assist pupils with special needs. The institutions need to invest more in teacher training programmes, accessibility, and technological equipment. Humanity Publications M.Phil., Department of Special Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil., Department of Special Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil., Department of Special Education, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/perceptions-of-general-education-teachers-about-inclusion-in-higher-education https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Pakistani Teachers' Perceptions of Moral Education through Teaching of Islamic Studies: A Qualitative Study Rabia Siddiqui Zehra Habib Islamiat Teachers Islamic Studies Madrasa Moral Education Moral Values Public and Private Sector Schools This qualitative research explored the perspectives of Islamiat (religious education) teachers regarding moral values, teaching practices, and the challenges faced in moral education in the three main Pakistani education sectors, namely Madaris (religious seminaries), Public and Private schools. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with six secondary-level Islamiat teachers, two from each education sector. Findings revealed that all teachers believed Quran and Hadith to be the main sources of morality. They focused on imbibing moral development only through lectures, sparse questions-answer sessions, the narration of stories and examinations. Moreover, they did not advocate the Islamic virtues of peace, tolerance, and human rights. Also, they expressed negative views of other religions and Western social practices. Participants considered an unsupportive social environment and unsupervised internet access as challenges to moral development. Hence, the study recommends that Islamiat teachers should broaden their perspectives and use interactive and cooperative teaching strategies. Moreover, teachers should be provided professional training for the effective moral development of students through Islamic studies. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/pakistani-teachers-perceptions-of-moral-education-through-teaching-of-islamic-studies-a-qualitative-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Effect of Organizational Learning Culture on School Effectiveness Amna Bibi Muhammad Akram Organizational Learning Culture School Effectiveness School Cohesiveness Embedded Learning System Connections Every part of the school, including school success, is influenced by school culture, which is viewed as a system of meanings. The goal of this study was to determine how much organizational learning culture impacts school effectiveness in Punjab province's public schools. .The study used a causal-comparative approach with a survey design. A sample of 1037 teachers was chosen from public schools in the Punjab through multi-stage sampling. Dimensions of Learning Organizational Questionnaire (DLOQ) and School effectiveness Questionnaire (SEQ) were used to collect the data. Both questionnaires were found to be highly reliable. The study found a significant positive moderate relationship between the factors of organizational learning culture and school effectiveness with the overall relationship as .46.Further, organizational learning culture predicted 16 percent of the variance in school effectiveness.The results provide clarity to the concept of an organizational learning culture as a crucial element of effective schools. The recommendations have been suggested in the end. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-organizational-learning-culture-on-school-effectiveness https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Analysis of User Interface Design and Technological Aspects of Learning Management System Waqas Ahmed Qaisara Parveen Muhammad Arshad Dahar Distance Education Learning Management System Technology Interface Design In past, many universities in Pakistan launches Distance Education programs to address the diverse educational needs of student. Many of them were banned by Higher Education Commission. Investigating learners and instructors’ perceptions about user interface design and technological aspects of the LMS in distance education can provide guidance and recommendations for institutes of higher education that are considering expanding the use of distance education formats. This study was conducted on the 2 years master-level students and their instructors at the Virtual University of Pakistan, which is offering all its programs through LMS. A stratified sampling technique was use. According to the findings of the study, the interface design of VU-LMS is suitable for students and technologically has flexible features and functions. Both students and instructors were satisfied with the LMS. It provides a suitable environment for teaching learning process. Humanity Publications Department of Education, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Education, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Education, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/analysis-of-user-interface-design-and-technological-aspects-of-learning-management-system https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Understanding 21st Century Learning and Learners: Perspectives of Special Education Teachers Afaf Manzoor Abdul Hameed Waqas Ahmad Khan Learning 21 Century Skills Students with Disabilities Teachers' Perspective The role of the teacher can be a catalyst in enhancing and developing learning skills among students especially those with special needs. Punjab has one of the largest segregated special schools' systems in the country where more than 30000 children with disabilities are enrolled. However, the learning outcomes are not up to the standards. This study is quantitative in nature and explores the perspectives of special education teachers regarding their knowledge and competencies to understand and practice 21-century skills to teach learners with special needs. A survey method was used to collect data from 50 special education teachers working in public and private sector special schools in Punjab. Due to school closures, convenient sampling was used and data were collected via Google forms. The findings of the study revealed that teachers at special schools are practicing collaborative, communication, creativity and self-direction skills more than other 21st-century skills. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Hiroshima University, Japan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/understanding-21st-century-learning-and-learners-perspectives-of-special-education-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Observing Teachers Skills about the Assessment of Students: A Standard-based Teacher Evaluation Zafar Iqbal Muhammad Hammad Haider Ahmad Waseem Qamar Teachers' Evaluation Teachers Assessment Skills of Students The study's aim was to observe teachers' skills about the assessment of students on the basis of National Professional Standards for Teachers approved by the Government of Pakistan federal education Ministry (2009). These standards provide a mechanism for the evaluation of teachers. The sample of the study comprised of 256 teachers. An observational checklist was employed for observing the skills of teachers regarding different dimensions of the assessment of students. The study explored that the teachers were conducting all the phases of assessment e.g. developing test, marking of a test, documenting and reporting tests results, and to use tests results competently but deficiencies were observed regarding the process of administrating test. Based on the results, relevant pre-service and in- service training as well as certain remedial measures for teachers' education programs were suggested according to the mechanism of aforesaid standards so that the dream of quality teaching in the region may be fulfilled. Humanity Publications Primary School Teacher, School Education Department, Punjab, Pakistan Lecturer in Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer in Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/observing-teachers-skills-about-the-assessment-of-students-a-standardbased-teacher-evaluation https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-IV).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Career Counseling Practices: A Survey of Secondary Schools of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir Nazir Haider Shah Robina Kausar Abdul Khaliq Shaheen Career Counselling Individual Counseling Group Counselling Face to face Counselling Telephonic Counselling Handbooks and Manuals Secondary Level The current study was quantitative in nature and descriptive method was used for conducting the research. In descriptive method a survey technique was used to collect the data. The population of the study was 1016 female teachers working in all the secondary school of Tehsil Kotli. 235 teachers were selected as a sample of the study. A five-point likert scale questionnaire developed for teachers. 0.79 reliability was found which was acceptable for conducting the final survey. The researcher personally visited the selected secondary schools and collected the data. Data were analyzed by using percentage, frequency, mean and independent sample t-test. It was found that there was no mean difference found in urban and rural teachers regarding individual counseling, group counseling, telephonic counselling, face to face counselling and handbooks and manuals counselling practices. It is recommended that teachers may support students one-on-one with personal issues, career decisions, behavior formation, and motivation. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. 2022-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/career-counseling-practices-a-survey-of-secondary-schools-of-kotli-azad-jammu-and-kashmir https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2022(VII-IV).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 7, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Relationship Between Public School Teachers Self Esteem and their Assertiveness Misbah Bukhari Umar Farooq Tanveer Kouser Assertiveness Self-esteem Correlation SPSS RAS Rosenberg Reliability Validity Internal Consistency Present research identified the relationship among female public-school teachers self-esteem and assertive behavior. The purposes of the research were: Firstly to find out the degrees of self-esteem.Secondly to explore the level of assertiveness of school teachers. Thirdly to determine the correlation among school teachers' self-esteem and assertiveness. The total population of the study was comprised of overall 625 public school teachers from Tehsil Hazro, District Attock. Three hundred and thirteen female public-school teachers were included in the study as a sample. The researcher employed Rathus Assertiveness Schedule Questionnaire for measuring assertiveness and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale for calculating self-esteem. Using SPSS software, acquired data was examined by applying descriptive and inferential statistics. In terms of the level of the investigated features, there was some pattern.Assertiveness ratings were also greater for teachers with greater self-esteem compared to those of average and little self-esteem. All teacher groups exhibit this tendency. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, University of Education Attock Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, University of Education Attock Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-relationship-between-public-school-teachers-self-esteem-and-their-assertiveness https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect of Parents Involvement at Early Childhood Education in Government Schools of Peshawar Zuha Rahman Farid Ullah Khan Naveed Ahmad Taseer Parents Involvement Early Childhood Government Schools The cognitive, social, and emotional growth of children are all improved when their parents are actively concerned in their early education. The purpose of this research is to examine how parental participation influences children's academic and social-emotional growth in public preschools. Peshawar parents who sent their kids to public school were surveyed using a quantitative methodology that have a questionnaire. The results show that children's academic achievement and social-emotional development benefit from parents' participation in early childhood education. Families in Peshawar who have children enrolled in school are the subjects of the research. Participants were chosen using a convenience sampling method, and there were a total of 476 people in the study's sample. Researchers concluded that public schools should do more to involve parents in their children's early learning. Humanity Publications Clinical Psychologist (Ex), Rehman Medical Institute (RMI), Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Endeavour Fellow, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australia. PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-parents-involvement-at-early-childhood-education-in-government-schools-of-peshawar https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Psychosocial and Clinical Determinants of Achievement Motivation in University Students: The Protective Role of Resilience and Metacognitive Awareness Syed Messum Ali Kazmi Rabia Karim Madiha Ashfaq Resilience Academic Achievement Behavioral Engagement Emotional Engagement Dummy Coding This research was designed to analyze the effect of resilience, depression, behavioural vs. emotional engagement and metacognitive awareness on the achievement motivation of university students. Past research has highlighted the predictive role of cognitive and mental capabilities on the academic achievement of students. A correlational research design was used for the study and 425 participants were selected through purposive sampling and had an almost similar gender distribution. Data collection was done through the Hamilton Depression Inventory, Metacognitive Awareness Scale, Brief Resilience Scale, Engagement Vs. Disaffection with Learning Questionnaire and achievement motivation scale. The results showed that female students exhibited higher scores on resilience,metacognitive awareness, behavioural and emotional engagement, and high orientation towards success and achievement in comparison to their male counterparts who scored high on depression and further showed poorer scores on resilience, metacognitive awareness, and behavioural and emotional engagement. Humanity Publications Assistant Director, Department of Higher Education, Government of the Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Government Jinnah Associate College for Women, Mozang, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Government College University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/psychosocial-and-clinical-determinants-of-achievement-motivation-in-university-students-the-protective-role-of-resilience-and-metacognitive-awareness https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Role of Quaid-e-Azam Academy for Educational Development Punjab in Capacity Building of Teachers Muhammad Azam Rana Robina Yasmeen QAED Capacity Building Teachers Government South Punjab This paper investigates the role of Quaid-e-Azam Academy for Educational Development Punjab (QAED) in the capacity building of teachers in three districts of South Punjab, namely Muzaffargarh, Kot Addu, and Rahimyar Khan. The study followed a descriptive methodology involving quantitative analysis to gather perspectives from government school teachers. A sample of 1189 respondents was obtained from a total of 1350 questionnaires distributed among male and female teachers working in government primary and elementary schools. The study focused on both primary and middle schools. Overall, this research paper provides empirical evidence of the Quaid-e-Azam Academy for Educational Development's positive effects on strengthening teaching abilities in government primary and elementary schools in the selected districts of south Punjab. The findings of this study have important implications for educational policymakers and practitioners because they highlight the importance of funding programmes for teachers' professional development. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/role-of-quaideazam-academy-for-educational-development-punjab-in-capacity-building-of-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Study on Effective Leadership Style and School Effectiveness Improvement Syeda Tehzeeb Alvi Farheen Saeed Adeela Saleemi Effectiveness Improvement Stake-holders Leadership Style Connection The objective of this research study is to analyze and comprehend principals and other stakeholders in school leadership philosophies and styles.Value the opinions of various stakeholders regarding the efficiency of the educational system, how these opinions relate to the leadership style used, and how this impacts the general educational atmosphere effectiveness, how they connect to a leader's style, and how it impacts the general learning environment in the classroom. The population consisted of head teachers, teachers, parents, administrators, and students from all types of schools either government or non government sector consisting male and female. The convenient sampling technique was followed and 1354 questionnaires were approached and the responses of 1000 stakeholders were analyzed. To understand the situation at different levels, a questionnaire, and In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted. Teachers have a positive view of democratic leaders as being dependable,receptive, accommodating, involved, and friendly. It is recommended to emphasising the concepts of empowerment, teamwork, and participatory approaches in the media, it is crucial to foster a democratic culture in the classroom. Humanity Publications Senior Subject Specialist, School Education Department, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of English, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Research and Evaluation, Institute of Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-study-on-effective-leadership-style-and-school-effectiveness-improvement https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Administrative Problems Faced by Newly Inducted Female Teachers and Their Potential Solution Shagufta Jabeen Muhammad Ahmad Nawaz Abdul Shakoor Female Teachers Problems Administrative Newly Inducted Potential Solutions This study was conducted to dig out the administrative problems faced by newly inducted female teachers with their potential solution. The researcher applied survey method for collection of data from 200 newly appointed female teachers of 4 tehsils of Multan through a self constructed questionnaire by using systematic sampling method. The researcher concluded that, among many other problems, the newly appointed female teachers also face administrative problems like; they face difficulties in starting of their salaries due to non cooperation of clerical staff, newly appointed teachers forced to teach those subjects on which they have no command, due to non experience newly appointed teachers face difficulties to manage school data, newly appointed female teachers also face many challenges from head teacher and senior staff, even newly appointed teachers are ignored by the supporting staff. The researchers also give some potential solution in the light of findings. Humanity Publications M.Phil Education, Department of School Education, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Media and Communication Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/administrative-problems-faced-by-newly-inducted-female-teachers-and-their-potential-solution https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Online Teaching, University Teachers and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploration of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) Hafiz Muhammad Nouraiz Anwar Abdul Basit COVID-19 Pandemic Online Teaching Universities Teachers Semi-structured Adoption of Technology Technology Acceptance Model The aim of the study was to explore the effectiveness of the online mode of teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this research a qualitative method was applied and the instrument used to collect data was semi-structured interviews from university teachers. The research conducted under the umbrella of Technology acceptance model. How the teachers from public and private sector universities adopted technology during the COVID-19 and how they engage their students to manage this lockdown period without delay of any class. The findings of the study revealed that teachers of public sector universities faced challenges in the adoption of technology to conduct classes online but the private sector universities through proper management and resources have managed this tech-based leaning during lockdown. When it comes to the public sector universities, the teachers were not facilitated by their institutions to manage this online teaching mode. Humanity Publications University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/online-teaching-university-teachers-and-the-covid19-pandemic-exploration-of-technology-acceptance-model-tam https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Youth and Youtube Advertisements: A Critical Analysis of Purchasing behaviour of University Students in Pakistan Usama Bin Saleem Tanveer Hussain Zafar Iqbal Bhatti YouTube YouTube Advertisements Students Purchasing Intention Celebrity Endorsement Music Slogans The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of celebrity endorsement, music and slogans in YouTube ads on the purchasing intention of the university students of Lahore. A questionnaire was designed to get the data regarding this consideration topic; consisted on convenience sampling. The data was gathered from 120 students of four main universities in Lahore. The ages of the respondents were 18 to 30. The targeted students were registered in different undergraduate programs in the private sector universities of Lahore, Pakistan. The AIDA model was used to analyze the collected data. The findings suggest that in spite of the celebrity endorsed YouTube advertisements, use of catchy music and slogans, the respondents don’t purchase the products on behalf of these aspects. Furthermore, the YouTube ads are failed to play a favorable part to influence the consumers towards purchase intention after watching the YouTube ads. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Media Studies, University of South Asia, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Communication and Media Research, School of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of English Linguistics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/youth-and-youtube-advertisements-a-critical-analysis-of-purchasing-behaviour-of-university-students-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Situational Leadership Theory: Application in Educational Institutions of Pakistan Asmat Nawaz Khattak Waqas A khan Abdul Karim Leadership Situational Leadership Theory Leadership Styles Contingencies Leadership Theory There is severe competition among educational institutions in Pakistan's public and private sectors as a result of the country's more dynamic educational environment. Using a descriptive methodology, we investigated the function of situational leaders and examined how the situational leadership style is relevant in Pakistan. We have concluded that educators place a high value on situational leadership because it allows the leader to adjust to the demands of the situation or environment. Situational leaders work and apply strategies in line with the demands of the situation, and they also help create new strategies that are appropriate for the circumstance. However, the most important element of the situational leadership approach is the capacity to adjust and be flexible in a particular scenario. Leadership in a given situation ought to be more able to adapt to both internal and external environmental variables. A leader must establish this equilibrium skillfully and successfully. A leader's ability to adjust to the current situation or scenario and meet the requirements of the team or the situation, rather than their skills, is the basis of this situational leadership style. These situational leaders need to be very adaptable. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Sciences, Institute of Management Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Fellow: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Hiroshima University, Japan. Assistant Professor, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-situational-leadership-theory-application-in-educational-institutions-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Factors Contributing to Delay in Research Work at M.Phil. Level Rohina Khatoon Khwaja Hisham ul Hassan Farhana Akmal Supervisor Supervisee Delay Factor The purpose of this study was to examine the factors contributing to the delay in the research work of MPhil students in the public sector universities of Punjab. The focus of this study was to identify the key factors that have affected MPhil Degree delay. The population of the study was all the supervisors and supervisees of the public sector universities of Punjab. The sample of the study was ten supervisees and five supervisors conveniently selected. A semi-structured interview was used as an instrument. Thematic analysis technique was used. Responses of the respondents revealed that time management, job constraints, marital status, understanding of the research, lack of motivation, access to supervisor, domestic and social responsibilities of the researcher, workload of supervisors and inexperienced supervisor were the most significant factors. The findings of this study suggested that supervisors and supervisees needed to be actively engaged in research activities during the course work and thesis work. Humanity Publications PHD Scholar, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer Scholar, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/factors-contributing-to-delay-in-research-work-at-mphil-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Investigating the Effects of Education for Sustainable Development on Students' Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors Muhammad Iqbal Zobia Shabbir Umar Amin Khan Sustainable Development Pro-environmental Attitudes Environmental Issues Examining how ESD affects students' pro-environmental attitudes and actions is the primary goal of this research. Two hundred children were chosen at random from a variety of schools for the study. Students' pro-environmental attitudes and actions were measured before and after the ESD intervention. The study found that ESD significantly increased the number of pupils who displayed pro- environmental attitudes and practices. The results reveal that students who received ESD were more likely to recycle, take public transportation, and reduce their energy consumption. The study also foundthat ESD greatly increased students' favorable environmental attitudes through increasing their knowledge and comprehension of environmental issues. The study concludes that ESD should be used in schools to encourage students to adopt more environmentally friendly lifestyles. Humanity Publications Department of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, Thal University Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Faculty of education, Department of Teacher Education, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Education Scholar, Department of Teacher Education, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/investigating-the-effects-of-education-for-sustainable-development-on-students-proenvironmental-attitudes-and-behaviors https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effects of Occupational Stress on Mental Health in Colleges' Physical Education Teachers: Mediating Role of Coping Style: A Case Study of Southern Districts of Punjab Iqra Yaqoob Muhammad Aslam Asma Rani Occupational Stress Mental Health Physical Education Teachers Punjab The current study investigated effects of stress upon mental health mediated by copying style. A sample of n=176 (males=115; females=61) lecturers working at college level from southern districts of Punjab was taken and surveyed. Self-structured questionnaires consisted occupational stress, mental health, and copying style. Frequency and parentage were used assess the individuals' demographic characteristics; however, correlation, regression, mediation, and significance testing were also done. Results indicated that teacher stress has statistically significant relationship with coping strategies (r=.442**, p < 0.01). Likewise, the table indicated a statistically significant linear relationship between teachers’ stress and mental health (r=.721**, p < 0.01). Regression analysis indicated that occupational stress and coping strategy statistically predicted mental health of the colleges’ teachers (p < 0.05). Additionally, an increase in the coefficient value of the mediation analysis from (.265 to.712) showed that the mediating variable fully mediated the association between occupational stress and mental health. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Health and Physical Education, Government College of Physical Education, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effects-of-occupational-stress-on-mental-health-in-colleges-physical-education-teachers-mediating-role-of-coping-style-a-case-study-of-southern-districts-of-punjab- https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Exploring the Need of Career Counselling for Choosing the Career at School Level in Pakistan: Parents and Teachers' Perception Sohail Hussain Khawaja Hisham ul Hussan Munawwar Ahmed Career Counselling Career Field School Level Students Parents and Teachers This paper examines the current state of career counselling services in Pakistani schools and explores students' and parents' perceptions of these services. This paper provides an understanding of the challenges and opportunities related to career counselling in schools and recommends strategies to improve the delivery of these services. The paper highlights the limited availability of trained career counsellors in schools, the lack of awareness among students and parents about the benefits of career counselling, and the focus of the academic curriculum on traditional subjects rather than career guidance. The recommendations investing in training career counsellors, establishing dedicated career counselling centres in schools, revising the curriculum to include career guidance, launching awareness campaigns to educate students and parents, and involving parents in the career counselling process. By implementing these recommendations, stakeholders can work together to provide students with thenecessary guidance and support to make informed decisions about their future careers and contribute to the country's economic growth and overall well-being. Humanity Publications Ph.D Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor/Director University, Department of Education, Superior University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Superior University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-need-of-career-counselling-for-choosing-the-career-at-school-level-in-pakistan-parents-and-teachers-perception https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect of School Climate on School Performance at Secondary School Level Muhammad Irfan Malik Muhammad Akram Abdul Hameed Qamar Quality Practices of School Climate Internal and External Dynamics Fostering and Sustaining School Climate Respects and High Expectations Handling Conflicts and Crisis Shared Decision Making Sch The study aimed to examine effect of school climate on performance of schools. School climate includes measuring quality of the schools on various indicators such as dealing with internal and external dynamics, sustaining and fostering the school climate, high expectation and respects, handling conflicts and crisis, and shared decision making. Performance of schools is described as accomplishment of all short-term and long-term educational goals by the students, schools, and teachers. In district Sahiwal, 740 Secondary school teachers were selected randomly by using multistage sampling technique who evaluated their head teachers’ performance on quality practices of school climate on Head Teacher Effectiveness Questionnaire adopted for this study. For school performance, scores of student achievement were collected from their institutions along with the data on school performance questionnaire that included factors related to the teacher presence, school cleanliness, functioning of the facilities, and student presence. The data were obtained by reports of monthly visits collected through the evaluation teams of the districts authorities. The study explored that head of the institutions developed school climate effectively, and excellent level of schools performance was also found. The study found reasonable relationship between school climate and performance of schools (r=.57), and 32% variance in performance of school could be explained through school climate. The study also added that climate of school might be evaluated by using these quality practices of head teachers. Humanity Publications Lecturer in Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer in Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-school-climate-on-school-performance-at-secondary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Exploring the Factors Affecting Students Drop-out: A Case Study of Public Secondary Schools in Pakistan Sarfraz Ahmad Khawaja Hisham Ul Hussan Farhana Akmal Students ‘Dropout Secondary School Commitment The purpose of this study was to explore the factors affecting the dropout rate in public secondary schools. The research design for this study was a case study design. The tool of the study was a semi-structured interview schedule. The population of the study was all the students of public secondary school. The convenient sampling technique was used to select the sample. The sample of the study was 80 students of secondary school in Tehsil Hafizabad district Gujranwala. The results of the study were that social culture and economic constraints were the main factors of the dropout ratio. This study will be helpful for parents, teachers and high-ups to know about the factors of the dropout ratio in the secondary school of Punjab (Pakistan). Humanity Publications Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-factors-affecting-students-dropout-a-case-study-of-public-secondary-schools-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Impact of Training on Teachers' Knowledge and Understanding of Different Learning Difficulties Among Students Sadia Ambarin Muhammad Naseer Ud Din Faridullah Khan Essential Skills Acquisition Teacher Training Instructional Abilities Coping Strategies Learning Difficulties Professional Development This study aimed to evaluate teachers' comprehension and awareness of various learning disabilities in students through experimentation. The research was carried out at Cantt Board Public School, District Kohat, using purposive sampling to choose ten teachers who participated in a two-week training programme. The study employed a pre-test and post-test design with a treatment that included activity-based training and strategies aimed at enhancing the identification and coping mechanisms of students with learning disabilities. The study showed that the training had a significant positive effect on teachers' professional development, allowing them to proficiently recognise and assist students who experience learning challenges. The study recommends the adoption of comparable training programmes in both public and private schools throughout different regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This study examines the acquisition of essential skills by teachers through training programmes, focusing on their instructional abilities and coping strategies when dealing with students experiencing learning difficulties. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-training-on-teachers-knowledge-and-understanding-of-different-learning-difficulties-among-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Moral Education for Visually Impaired Students at School Level: A Quantitative Study Kashif Iqbal Sadia Arshad Khan Hina Khalid Moral Education Visual Impairment Students School Challenges Moral education is an integral part of the education system for visually impaired students. This study intended to seek moral education for visually impaired students at the school level. This study was quantitative and descriptive. The sample of the study included teachers of visually impaired students (N=81) from the schools of visually impaired students. A self- developed structured questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. The validity of the instrument was assured by the expert opinion (N=03). Statistical data were analyzed with IBM version 23. The data were analyzed by applying descriptive statistical analysis techniques. Frequencies and percentages of the responses along with the Mann-Whitney test were performed to reach the conclusion. The findings of the study revealed that the maximum respondents of the study reported that 53% of teachers of visually impaired students are working on delivering moral education to students with visual impairment at the school level. However, 47% of the respondents experienced various challenges in delivering moral education to students with visual impairment. The study recommended policy-based moral education for students with visual impairment at the school level to make their firm foundation as responsible citizens. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Government Training College for the Teachers of Blind, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. B.Ed (Hons) Special Education, Government Training College for Teachers of Blind, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. B.Ed (Hons) Special Education, Government Training College for Teachers of Blind, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/moral-education-for-visually-impaired-students-at-school-level-a-quantitative-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Educational Career Counselling for the Higher Secondary Level Students of Karachi: Stakeholders Perspective Scherezade Naeem Najmunnisa Khan Career Counselling Career Choice Mixed-Method Higher Secondary Schools Karachi The research aimed to examine the connection between career counselling and career choice and its influence on the process of choice procedure of higher secondary level students. Students must not be forced to comply with the wishes of their parents and must not make career choices due to pressure. One can only succeed in any field with motivation and self-interest. The author emphasizes the importance of career counselling for both students and parents in Pakistan. The study emphasizes the importance of providing students with adequate career counselling and awareness about different degree programs and career prospects. It is integral to making informed career decisions and can lead to career growth, success, and higher self-esteem. The lack of such counselling in Pakistan has resulted in limited career choices for female students and a negative perception of electronic media-related careers. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology (SZABIST) Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Head of the Department Education, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology (SZABIST) Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/educational-career-counselling-for-the-higher-secondary-level-students-of-karachi-stakeholders-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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An Ethnographic Study on Beliefs and Attitudes of Some Larkana Teachers of English Syed Sada Hussain Bukhari Ajab Ali Lashari Syed Abid Ali Shah Jilani Beliefs Attitudes English Teachers Many specialists agree that beliefs have a powerful impact on teachers’ practices. However, it should be taken into account that their attitudes affect their practices as well. This paper is about English language teachers´ attitudes and beliefs. The objective was to share some data from ethnographic research developed with a group of high school English teachers from Larkana. The research data endorsed our hypothesis of the existence of a relationship between belief and attitude, which, to us, until then, was a gap in the studies of Applied Linguistics. Although initially, we had in mind the idea that attitudes could generate beliefs, we verified that attitudes are part of beliefs as well as they are personal, contextual, and incidental, which we explain in this paper. The data were collected through an interview and a questionnaire, which made it possible, based on the teachers' statements, to figure out how beliefs and attitudes operate and converge. That is why a study such as this is relevant since it can contributeto the field so that teachers can understand even better their pedagogical settings. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor of Education, Shaheed Muhtarma Benazir Bhutto Government College of Education, Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, Education, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi, Pakistan. Director (HR), Directorate General of HR & Training, Schools Education & Literacy Department, Government of Sindh, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/an-ethnographic-study-on-beliefs-and-attitudes-of-some-larkana-teachers-of-english https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).19 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Engagement Features in Business Newspapers Corpus: A Comparative Study of Business News and Business Articles Hassan Moavia Moazzam Ali Malik Humayun Manzoor Interactional Metadiscourse Engagement Business Discourse The study explores the Pakistani business newspaper corpus for the presence of engagement features—one of the systems of interactional metadiscourse. Business corpus of 1 million words comprised Pakistani business news and business articles collected from the four well-reputed Pakistani English newspapers, i.e., The Daily Times, The Nation, The Business Recorder, and The Dawn. It was found that the writer presents his ideas and arguments and engages his/her reader by employing different engagement features Furthermore, in the corpus of business articles, the writers were found keener to be informative and engaging than they were for the corpus of business news. The results of the study can potentially help future researchers in understanding the use of Engagement markers in other business corpus texts. In addition, educationists and syllabus designers may use the findings of the study for developing better teaching materials. Humanity Publications Department of English, School Education Department, Government of Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Research Scholar, Department of Language & Communication, University of Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/engagement-features-in-business-newspapers-corpus-a-comparative-study-of-business-news-and-business-articles https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).20 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Experiences, Challenges, and Acceptance of Item Bank System (IBS) as a Tool for Paper Generation: A Case Study Mahboob Ahmad Khawaja Hisham Ul Hussan Muhammad Tayyab Item Bank System Paper Generation Educational Settings Using the Item Bank System (IBS) for paper generation is gaining popularity in educational settings. However, limited research has been conducted on the experiences, challenges, and acceptance of IBS. This study explored the challenges educators and head teachers face when implementing IBS for paper generation in educational settings. Thematic analysis of data collected from four participants revealed that technical challenges, such as system integration, maintenance, and interface design, and human resource challenges, including a lack of adequate training and support for educators and resistance to change, impact the effective use of IBS for a paper generation. Addressing these challenges through adequate training, support, and resources can help ensure IBSs successful adoption and use in educational settings. The study highlights the importance of further research to investigate the perceptions and experiences of students and evaluate the effectiveness of IBS in enhancing exam quality and productivity in educational settings. Humanity Publications Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-experiences-challenges-and-acceptance-of-item-bank-system-ibs-as-a-tool-for-paper-generation-a-case-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).21 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Exploring Students' Perceptions of the teaching pedagogies: in developing Communication Skills among Multilingual Undergraduates Shabana Zafar Muhammad Amir Hashmi Madiha Shafiq ESL Communication Skills Students’ Perception Translingual Pedagogies Curriculum design The focus of the research work is to report on research from the curriculum interventions that explored whether undergraduate university students are proficient enough in communication skills for social and academic purposes, moreover, the perception of students about their communication skills is studied and factors are identified that may have contributed towards their strong or poor communications skills in the English language. The study includes 300 undergraduate students, from four different programs and institutes. A survey having a questionnaire of 52 items is used and information obtained is sorted out with the help of SPSS in order to get a full and detailed picture of various patterns and themes. The findings of the survey establish that students having a better language learning experience at the school level perform better in their communication skills course at the university level. Humanity Publications Senior Lecturer, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate professor, Institute of Education & Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-students-perceptions-of-the-teaching-pedagogies-in-developing-communication-skills-among-multilingual-undergraduates https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).22 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Meditation on the Level of Post-traumatic Stress in Flood Victims of Sindh Hani Abdul Wahid Maryam Hanif Ghazi Ajab Ali Lashari Internally displaced persons Flood victims Meditation Post-traumatic stress disorder Stress Reduction This study aimed to find whether meditation can be effective in terms of post-traumatic stress(PSTD) or not. The purpose of this current study was to analyse the flood victims specifically (IDPs) by the influence of meditation on state post-traumatic stress. Guided meditation is helpful in reduction of the stress. The study analyses how meditation reduces the post-traumatic stress of IDP flood victims. The study is experimental in nature. The survey was conducted from N= 100 participants IDPs by using convenience sampling. SPSS used to quantify the data. The measure used in the research was the 3.7 PTSD checklist civilian version of the flood exposure questionnaire to collect the data from Internally displaced persons. First, for the pre-test, it was provided before the meditation and the second time it was given after the guided meditation for the post-test. The result of the research supports that PTSD can be reduced by meditation. Humanity Publications Student, Department of Psychology, Muhammed Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Head of Department of Psychology, Muhammed Ali Jinnah University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-meditation-on-the-level-of-posttraumatic-stress-in-flood-victims-of-sindh https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).23 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Role of Children's Magazines in Promoting Children's Literature in Sindh: An Analysis of Selected Magazines from 1947 To 2020 Muhammad Ibrahim Khokhar Saqib Abbas Ali Asghar Ghanghro Children's Literature Children's Magazine Sindhi Literature Young writers Wordsworth a renowned English romantic poet calls a child a father of man. Children of today are the citizens of tomorrow. Literature plays a pivotal role in shaping human personality and moulding human beings into responsible beings. For shaping thinking, ideology, personality and literary as well as the psychological development of the child, Children's literature plays a very significant role. Though Children's Literature is a much-neglected field, in Sindhi Language this field has remained a very important and popular area of literature. A large number of writers, who are prominent writers of today, had started their careers as children's writers. In promoting children's literature, Children's Magazines play a very important role. The current study which is qualitative in nature discusses the role of some selected children's magazines published in Sindh in the Sindhi language from 1947 to 2020 and presents a conclusion that how these magazines were the befitting platforms of literary development foryoung writers. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar, Institute of English Language & Literature, University of Sindh Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor Benazir Bhutto University, Lyari Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/role-of-childrens-magazines-in-promoting-childrens-literature-in-sindh-an-analysis-of-selected-magazines-from-1947-to-2020 https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).24 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Dynamics of Violence in Pakistan: A Mixed Method Study Mumtaz Khan Tariq Mahmood Shafqat Rasool Dynamics Terrorism Sectarianism Ethnicity Inequality Violence Education The purpose of this research was to explore the patterns of violence in Pakistan and the possible causes of this. A total of 4,000 respondents were chosen using a combination of multi-stage stratified and convenience sampling for the general survey (GS). A thorough analysis of the findings was performed; interviews were conducted with intellectuals to foster cross-discussion. Various data analysis techniques were employed to analyze the collected data. The findings indicated the presence of both direct violence and structural violence in Pakistan. Additionally, the study revealed that structural violence serves as a primary catalyst for direct violence. The perpetration of violence involves religious-political leaders, political leaders, and clergy members. Extremists, their sympathizers, and donors continue to operate within the country, actively collecting funds. Furthermore, Education can play a vital role to mitigate violence in society. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Government Graduate College, Hazari, Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Headmaster, Government High School, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/dynamics-of-violence-in-pakistan-a-mixed-method-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).25 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Smartphone Usage on the Academic Performance of Students at Public Sector University in Karachi Salma Channa Naseem Abdul Karim Kaneez Abdul Fiza Smartphone Students' Academic Performance Public University This research study was conducted to examine the impact of Smartphone usage on the academic achievement of students at a public-sector university in Karachi. The strategy of the research was quantitative and the population of the study was limited to a public university in Karachi. The simple random sampling technique was applied to collect the data and the sample size of the study was 100 respondents. Moreover, the data was analyzed through inferential statistics tool simple linear regression by employing statistical packages of social sciences 20 (SPSS). The findings of the study indicate that the usage of Smartphones influences positively the Academic Performance of students.Students easily and inexpensively access the content and related material. However, the findings also depict that the appropriate use of Smartphones is key to avoiding the overuse that poses numerous problems such as distraction, etc. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University, Lyari, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University, Lyari, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of English, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-smartphone-usage-on-the-academic-performance-of-students-at-public-sector-university-in-karachi https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).26 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Bridging the Gap between Educational Research and Practice: A Qualitative Study at Superior University Lahore Nasir Mehmood Khuwaja Hisham Ul Hassan Farhana Akmal Bridging the Gap Practice-based Research Evidence-based Practice Knowledge Mobility This qualitative study attempts to investigate the current disconnect between applied educational studies and professional practice. The study focuses on the requirement that academic researchers give policy implementation in the area of education more consideration. Ten faculty members from two private colleges were chosen as participants for semi-structured interviews using a simple random sample technique. With the aim to enhance the role of research in developing and improving professional practices in higher education, it aimed to gain knowledge about the issues and possible solutions. The study's conclusions help to clarify the problems with practice-based research in the educational setting and have important ramifications for upcoming policy creation and implementation. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business & Management Sciences, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Faculty of Art and Humanities, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/bridging-the-gap-between-educational-research-and-practice-a-qualitative-study-at-superior-university-lahore https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).27 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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An Analysis of the Problems in the Use of English Participles by Undergraduate Students at Hazara University Mansehra Muqadar Khan Laraib Rahat Muhammad Rafiq English Participles Undergraduate Problems Tense Formation Voice The current study aimed at finding out the problems faced by undergraduate students in learning English present, past and perfect participles in Hazara University Mansehra. A descriptive survey design was used to collect data from a sample of hundred students through a non-randomly convenience sampling technique. For answering the questions and achieving objectives, the researchers used a proficiency test. The test comprised morphological and syntactic items about participles in the form of translation, voices and blanks. The collected data was analyzed statistically through SPSS 17.0 version. The analysis revealed that the problems mostly encountered in the English participle were in terms of morphological, functional and syntactical problems in the use of English participles learning particularly present, past and perfect participles. The higher percentage of errors suggests that students should be trained in the use and practice of English participles to learn their correct use. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of English, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of English, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of English, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/an-analysis-of-the-problems-in-the-use-of-english-participles-by-undergraduate-students-at-hazara-university-mansehra https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).28 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Determinants of Women Employability: Case Study of a Technical College in a Developing Country Syeda Maryam Muzaffar Khalid Rashid Women Empowerment Technical College Developing Country This qualitative study explored the determinants of women's employability in a developing country. The sample of 25 (N= 25) passed outs of the Government College of Technology for Women (GCTW) was selected through a purposive random sampling technique. The data were collected using a self-constructed interview protocol. The trustworthiness of the interview protocol was ensured through Maxwell's validity criteria and expert opinion. Thirteen (13) sub-themes and two major themes Determinants of employability and Determinants of women's employability were extracted from the data. The subthemes and major themes led to conclude this study. Determinants of employability and women's employability in a developing country have “skills” and “reputed colleges” as common determinants. GCTW is a unique institution, one of its kind. It is providing skills to young women and the placement cell in the institute is playing a vital role in placing their diploma holders in the market. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/determinants-of-women-employability-case-study-of-a-technical-college-in-a-developing-country https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).29 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effectiveness of Teachers' Feedback at Universities: Analysis of Students' Perspective Misbah Muhammad Dilshad Effectiveness of Feedback Feed Forwarding Transparency Students' Perspective This quantitative survey design research study focuses on factors which influence the effectiveness of instructional feedback. The main objective of the study, therefore, was to analyze university students’ perception about effectiveness of their teachers’ feedback. Researchers themselves developed questionnaire based on the five point Likert rating scale consisting of six factors with fortyeight (48) close ended questions to collect data. The questionnaire was administered to 1260 BS students of six universities selected through multistage random sampling technique from 21 general public universities of Punjab. The data was analyzed using both the descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Results revealed that overall students had a slightly positive perception regarding effectiveness of teachers’ feedback and least slightly positive perception regarding the aspects transparency, constructiveness and time frame of feedback. In contrast, the positive perception was recorded on the aspects goal referenced, comprehensive and feed forwarding feedback. Results also revealed significant differences in university students’ views based on gender, faculty, department and university. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effectiveness-of-teachers-feedback-at-universities-analysis-of-students-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).30 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Determinants of Percentage Achievements of Public Primary School Students in Northern Pakistan Noor Jehan Fahim Nawaz Education Evaluation Gender Economics Public Finance Public Policy This study probes the socio-economic and school background factors that may affect students' marks in primary schools in northern Pakistan. The data was collected from four parts of the province. The result confirms that free lunch is an influential academic booster if provided to lower groups of students; in some cases, the school is away from students. Adequate staff and adequate funds, too, have elevating effects on marks. Male parents are a means of more academic gain for male students and less for females. Internet at home is a better option. Recommendations are delineated at the end. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/determinants-of-percentage-achievements-of-public-primary-school-students-in-northern-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).31 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Role of Professional Training of Teachers and its Relationship with Teaching Quality Noshaba Muzaffar Shagufta Nahid Muhammad Abbas Teachers' Training Professional Development Teaching Quality  This study explores the association between the professional training of teachers and teaching quality. It aims to find out how instructors' contribution to professional growth and training sessions impacts their instructional techniques and classroom management to improve the quality of education. Teachers' involvement in professional development workshops and programs concerning the successful adoption of innovative teaching strategies. It delves into teachers' formal qualifications and additional professional training concerning their overall teaching competence and effectiveness. Fifty teachers were selected randomly from Faisalabad city. Two instruments named, the professional training survey and the teaching quality survey were used. By analyzing teachers' perceptions and experiences regarding the  effectiveness and relevance of their professional training programs, the study emphasizes the value of incorporating teacher feedback in designing more impactful training initiatives. The study finding offers valuable insight into the crucial role of teachers' continuous learning and professional growth in fostering a high standard of education delivery. Humanity Publications Headmistress, Government Girls High School, Nisar Colony, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. SST, Government Girls High School, Nisar Colony, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Principal, Workers Welfare School, Sahianwala, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/role-of-professional-training-of-teachers-and-its-relationship-with-teaching-quality https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).32 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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The Current Status of Sign Language Interpretation for Hearing Impaired Students in Higher Education: A Small Scale Survey in Lahore Mudassar Hussain Snober Bukhari Saira Riaz Sign Language Interpretation Hearing Impairment Higher Education Visual Aids Simultaneous Interpreting This study investigated the current status of sign language interpretation for students with hearing impairments and the problems they face with interpretation in higher education in Lahore. A quantitative, descriptive approach was used. The population comprised students with hearing impairments in higher education; the sample included 40 students from different higher education institutes in Lahore, selected via convenience sampling. Data was collected via questionnaires: one section with demographic questions, and one with closed-ended questions for students. Most students agreed that using visual aids and the interpreter's signs simultaneously enhanced understanding, and they were satisfied with the pace, seating, explanations, opportunities to participate, and interpretation. They also agreed the interpreters gave feedback and clarified concepts. The research concluded visual aids and simultaneous interpreting optimize understanding for students with hearing impairments. Humanity Publications Sign Language Interpreter, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Special Education Graduate, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan M.Phil. Special Education Graduate, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-current-status-of-sign-language-interpretation-for-hearing-impaired-students-in-higher-education-a-small-scale-survey-in-lahore https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).33 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Relationship between Elementary School Head Teachers' Servant Leadership Style and their Self Efficacy Abid Ali Iqra Hameed Shumaila Nizam Elementary School Head Teachers Servant Leadership Self-Efficacy This quantitative study has been conducted to investigate the relationship between Elementary School Head Teachers' servant leadership style and their Self-Efficacy. The School heads (both males & females) working in the Public Elementary Schools of the District Lahore were the targeted population for this study. The sample of 312 head teachers was taken conveniently from the population. The head teachers' servant leadership styles and their Self-Efficacy were measured with the help of a close-ended questionnaire developed by the researcher(s). This was a five-point Likert rating scale comprised of 24 items for the Servant Leadership style and 19 items for Self-Efficacy. The collected data have been analyzed with the help of Pearson's r. It was concluded based on the results that a statistically significantly strong positive effect of Head Teachers' Servant Leadership Style was found on their Self-Efficacy. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/relationship-between-elementary-school-head-teachers-servant-leadership-style-and-their-self-efficacy https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).34 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Exploring The Challenges and Solutions in Doctoral Dissertation Writing and Defense Faced by Pakistani ESL Scholars Azhar Ahmad Sonal Khan Maitlo Salma Jeevan Academic writing Doctoral degree program Dissertation writing Dissertation Defence ESL scholars Challenges &amp; Solutions Doctoral dissertation writing and defending to complete the doctorate degree program is a true learning experience; an arduous mission, which entails knowledge of academic writing and confidence for dissertation defence to a satisfactory level. In the present research, the researchers have made an effort to divulge the foremost challenges faced by those ESL scholars, who had completed their degree in Doctor of Philosophy. By employing the survey technique, an online questionnaire containing four open-ended questions was sent to fifty research contributors from both genders via Email and WhatsApp for data collection. The data was analyzed by employing frequency and thematic approaches and presented in tables. The findings of the contemporary study explored that Pakistani ESL doctorate scholars faced multifarious challenges while writing and defending doctoral dissertations. The findings also explored solutions to overcome these challenges in the future, which makes it valuable research work for scholars and researchers in the future. Humanity Publications M.Phil. English (Linguistics), Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. English (Linguistics), Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. English (Linguistics), Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-challenges-and-solutions-in-doctoral-dissertation-writing-and-defense-faced-by-pakistani-esl-scholars https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).35 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Maximising Professional Growth: A Case Study Exploring Reflective Practices of Teacher Educators Sajida Saif Samina Safdar Reflective Teaching Teacher Education Professional Development Qualitative Case Study Thematic Analysis Developing Countries This qualitative case study aimed to explore the reflective teaching practices used by teacher educators in their classrooms for professional learning and development in Pakistan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with two experienced teacher educators from a public university. Using within-case and cross-case analysis, data analysis uncovered themes related to interactive teaching methods, student feedback, self-reflection, collegial support, evaluation techniques, and contextual constraints. The results of the study revealed that teacher educators used reflection-on-action and reflection-for-action techniques for the improvement of their teaching. However, they faced some barriers while implementing these practices in classrooms due to contextual settings. The study’s findings emphasise the need for institutional support and the provision of professional development opportunities to teacher educators for facilitating reflective teaching practices. The study contributes meaningful insights into teacher educators’ experiences employing reflective practices in their unique contexts. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor of Education, Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/maximising-professional-growth-a-case-study-exploring-reflective-practices-of-teacher-educators https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).36 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Experts' Views Regarding Vertical and Horizontal Alignment of Pakistan Studies Curriculum from Intermediate to Master Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Tabassum Mehboob Alignment Vertical Horizontal Pakistan Studies Curriculum The study aims to explore the vertical and horizontal alignment of the Pakistan Studies curriculum from Intermediate to Master's level in different institutes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Interviews,consisting of open-ended questions, were conducted to collect information from Subject Specialists and experts besides members of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Textbook Board. The analytic approach was used for the analysis of qualitative data. The data was coded into predetermined categories related to the objectives. A summary of the statements was prepared that was composed of the main ideas of the respondents. The study found that vertical and horizontal alignment in the process of Pakistan Studies' curriculum development is missing. It was also found that the objectives of the curriculum are not properly defined. Due to the lack of those objectives, we cannot develop proper assessment tools, so proper weightage should be given to this discipline. Humanity Publications Trained Graduate Teacher (TGT), University Model School, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/experts-views-regarding-vertical-and-horizontal-alignment-of-pakistan-studies-curriculum-from-intermediate-to-master-level-in-khyber-pakhtunkhwa https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).37 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Relationship between Students' Cognitive Abilities and Cumulative Grade Point Average at University Level Shahid Abbas Saba Latif Farzana Jabeen Khoso Cognitive Abilities CGPA Assessment Academic Performance The better the cognitive abilities of undergraduate students, the better their academic performance. To identify the relationship between students’ cognitive abilities and CGPA of B.S. and B.Ed (Hons.) students. The two universities, a public university (i.e., University of Punjab, Lahore) and a private sector university (i.e., University of Management and Technology) of the undergraduate students. The simple, purposive and disproportionate stratified random sampling techniques were applied and to take the 300 samples. In instrumentation, three different achievement tests were self-developed for three required subjects consisting i.e. Objective type questions (MCQs) tests of three subjects i.e. English, Psychology and Education. The three concerned departments and six specialists validate the test. The reliability checks through Cronbach’s alpha and item analysis. The Pearson correlation, T-test, one-way and two-way ANOVA were applied for analysis. The finding, there was no significant correlation between the two universities. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Teacher Education, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/relationship-between-students-cognitive-abilities-and-cumulative-grade-point-average-at-university-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).38 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Training Need Analysis Model for Teachers and Managers: A Case of Trainings at Quaid e Azam Academy for Educational Development, Punjab Hina Ashraf Ghalib Ata Aisha Rizwan Education Training Needs Analysis (TNA) teacher training professional development educational managers curriculum design Pakistan Quaid e Azam Academy for Educational Development (QAED) quali Education plays a pivotal role in shaping individuals and societies, driven by the quality of teachers and educational managers. Effective teacher training and continuous professional development are vital to achieving educational excellence. This study explores the importance of Training Needs Analysis (TNA) in the context of education, focusing on the Quaid e Azam Academy for Educational Development (QAED) in Punjab, Pakistan. The research aims to develop a TNA model tailored to the unique needs of teachers and educational managers. The study underscores the significance of TNA in aligning training programs with participants' needs, enhancing teaching quality, and bridging the gap between existing literature and practical TNA requirements. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Research Scholar, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Administrative Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/training-need-analysis-model-for-teachers-and-managers-a-case-of-trainings-at-quaid-e-azam-academy-for-educational-development-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).39 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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How Does Students' Attitude towards Biology Affect Their Academic Achievement at Secondary Level Maira Zia Muhammad Anwer Muqaddas Butt Attitude Biology Achievement Despite the widespread importance of Science, students' interest in it has deteriorated over time. Achievement is mainly related to the students' attitude. The major goal of the present research is how students' attitudes about Biology affected their academic performance in Biology at the secondary level. A 24-item questionnaire (Biology Attitude Questionnaire, BAQ) was adopted. All the 10th graders Biology students from public schools constituted the population of the study, belonging to Punjab province. The sample of 10th-grade students was taken from the public secondary schools under the control of the Punjab province using a multistage sampling technique. Utilizing previous class Biology exam scores, achievement data was gathered. SPSS was used to examine the data. The analysis led to the conclusion that girls had a more favourable attitude toward Biology than boys. In addition, attitudes had a substantial impact on achievement for males, females, and urban students, but not for rural respondents. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/how-does-students-attitude-towards-biology-affect-their-academic-achievement-at-secondary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).40 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Exploring the Progression of University Students' Critical Thinking Skills Across Academic Years Huma Lodhi Soofia Noor Farah Shafiq University Students Critical Thinking Critical Thinking Skills Progression in Studies This study aimed to assess and compare the critical thinking skills of university students. The study employed a convenient sampling method for selecting universities, while student participants were chosen randomly. Data were collected from 475 students across five public universities. The Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal (WGCTA) was utilized to measure participants' critical thinking skills. The research questions were addressed by applying descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA. The study's outcomes indicated that many university students exhibited a moderate level of CTS. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that the progression in studies had a small effect on the critical thinking skill levels among the students. Policymakers, curriculum developers, teachers, and administrators may learn from the study that they have a role to play in developing the CTS of their students to contribute meaningfully to society. Changes in curriculum, pedagogy, etc., may be possible due to the study's conclusions. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-progression-of-university-students-critical-thinking-skills-across-academic-years https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).41 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Students Perceptions Regarding English as a Medium of Instruction and its Effects on Their Learning at the University Level Muhammad Faisal Farid Sabahat Parveen Asif Iqbal Students Learning Instruction Medium Native Language This study investigates students' perceptions of EMI and its impact on learning, aiming to provide insights into the complex dynamics surrounding this educational approach. Two hundred students from various academic backgrounds and language proficiencies were surveyed, and questionnaires were filled up to gather their perceptions of EMI. The findings reveal a multifaceted picture of how students perceive English as the medium of instruction in their studies. Pupils expressed both positive and negative perceptions regarding EMI. Many valued EMI for global academic access and improved English proficiency. However, challenges related to language comprehension, communication, and a sense of identity emerged as significant concerns. Moreover, the students' perceptions often depended on their language proficiency and prior exposure to English SL. The effects of EMI on students' learning outcomes were found to be influenced by various factors, including instructional quality, the level of language support provided, and the student's own language skills. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/students-perceptions-regarding-english-as-a-medium-of-instruction-and-its-effects-on-their-learning-at-the-university-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).42 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Exploring the Connection between Organizational Justice and Personnel Commitment among Teachers at the Postgraduate Level Muhammad Iqbal Maria Sarwar Shamim Ullah Distributive Justice Organizational Justice Interactional Justice Personnel Commitment Procedural Justice This study investigates the connection between organizational justice and personnel commitment among postgraduate-level teachers. The study adopted a correlational research design. A random sample of 255 teachers was selected from eleven universities in Lahore, and data was gathered using a structured questionnaire comprising two sections. Data analysis involved statistical calculations, including means, percentages, and correlation analysis, with SPSS version 18.0 utilized for this purpose. The findings of the study revealed that organizational justice significantly influenced teachers' personnel commitment. Distributive justice emerged as the most significant predictor of personnel commitment, while procedural and interactional justice moderately predicted teachers' commitment. The study recommends that management should prioritize fairness in reward distribution, involve employees in decision-making processes, and maintain a respectful and dignified approach when communicating decision outcomes to staff. Consistency in rule application, accuracy in information usage, and the prevention of bias in employee-related matters are also advised for effective management. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Education (ELPS), Division of Education University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Education & Research, University of the Punjab Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-connection-between-organizational-justice-and-personnel-commitment-among-teachers-at-the-postgraduate-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).43 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Problems Faced by Teachers in Implementing Single National Curriculum in Punjab Mehnaz Amin Shafqat Ali Tariq Mahmood Single National Curriculum Implementation Problems Primary Schools The article examines teachers' perceptions of challenges in implementing the Single National Curriculum (SNC). Teachers working in primary schools were considered for data collection. For the collection of information regarding above mention issue, a five-point Likert scale was used. Collected information was tabulated and through an analysis of response data, key issues were identified, including difficulty understanding the SNC, preparing daily lessons, and concerns about teacher competence. Gender-based differences were not significant, but teachers' qualifications had a notable impact. Bachelor's degree holders reported higher challenges compared to those with master's or M. Phil./Ph.D. degrees. The findings suggest a need for tailored support and training to address these issues and improve SNC implementation, particularly for teachers with lower qualifications. The study emphasizes the importance of addressing these challenges to ensure effective curriculum delivery across different qualification levels. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Govt. High School, Chicherwlai, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/problems-faced-by-teachers-in-implementing-single-national-curriculum-in-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).44 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Analyzing Students' Perspectives About School and Respect for Social Rules Muhammad Riaz Ahmed Akhtar Ali Muhammad Shakir Students' Perspectives School and Respect for Social Rules The main purpose of the study was to analyze students' perspectives about school and respect for social rules. The objectives of the study were (a) to review the impact of respecting social rules on the overall environment of the school, and (b) to examine students' perceptions about school and respect for social rules. The study was descriptive in nature while a quantitative research approach was used to analyze the perspective of students about school and respecting social roles. The Population of the study consisted of all the secondary school students of the Government sector situated in Urban and Rural Areas of Punjab Province, which is the largest Province of Pakistan with respect to the population of the country. The study presented has delved into the multifaceted world of altruism, unveiling the profound impact of acts of kindness on individuals and their communities. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Dean, Faculty of Online and Distance Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/analyzing-students-perspectives-about-school-and-respect-for-social-rules https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).45 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Utilization of Information Communication Technology among Public and Private Secondary Schools of Karachi: A Comparative Study Naseem Abdul Karim Salma Channa Erum Naz ICT Secondary School Teacher Public School Private School This study aimed to compare secondary school teachers from the public and private sectors in terms of their perception and understanding of Information Communication Technology (ICT). It also examined how these teachers are facilitated and trained by their respective schools. The sample size for this study was 50 teacher respondents, with 5 public and 5 private schools being selected in Malir Town. From each school, 5 respondents were chosen through simple random sampling. To analyze the data, the Statistical Packages of Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0 was used for descriptive and inferential statistics. The data was evaluated and hypotheses were tested using an independent sample t-test. The findings indicate that secondary teachers from both public and private schools have a similar perception of ICT. However, public secondary teachers displayed a higher level of knowledge in ICT and were better supported by their respective schools compared to private schools in Malir Town. Humanity Publications M.phil Scholar, Department of Education, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Layari, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. M.phil Scholar, Department of Education, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Layari, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. M.phil Scholar, Department of Education, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Layari, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/utilization-of-information-communication-technology-among-public-and-private-secondary-schools-of-karachi-a-comparative-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).46 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect of Mnemonic Instructional Strategy (Keywords) on Students’ Memory at Secondary School Level Bushra Hanif S. R. Ghazi Khan Sardaraz Mnemonic Strategy Keywords Memory Instructional Strategy Experiment The present study investigated the effect of mnemonic instructional strategy (Keywords) on students' memory at the secondary school level. The students of Grade 10 were the population of this research. The sixty (60) students of GGHS Mewakhel, Bannu were the sample of this study. This was experimental research, so the pretest-posttest design was adopted. The Post-Experimental group (Keywords) showed better performance than the Post-Controlled group. It is recommended that students use a keyword strategy to learn phrasal verbs. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education & Research, University of Science & Technology, (UST), Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Science & Technology (UST), Bannu, KP, Pakistan. Registrar, University of Science & Technology (UST), Bannu, KP Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-mnemonic-instructional-strategy-keywords-on-students-memory-at-secondary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).47 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Continuous Professional Development and Performance of Secondary School Teachers District Toba Tek Sing, Punjab, Pakistan Noreen Akhtar Sumera Rashid CPD Teacher Performance Learning Outcomes Teaching Effectiveness Pedagogical Skills Continuous professional development (CPD) plays a crucial role in enhancing the performance of secondary school teachers. This article explores the intersection of continuous professional development (CPD) and the performance of secondary school teachers. The research population comprises all head teachers and teachers in the study area. The quasi-experimental design applies to the 10 head teachers and 100 teachers. A Google Form was created for administering surveys. The study found the engagement of teachers in CPD activities, the influence of CPD on teaching effectiveness, and the challenges faced in CPD implementation. The findings also suggest a positive correlation between CPD and teacher performance, with notable improvements in teaching techniques and student learning outcomes. The barriers such as time constraints, funding, and lack of study leave pose challenges to the continuous professional development of teachers. The study underscores the need for ongoing professional development and the frequent organization of capacity-building workshops and seminars. Humanity Publications Headmistress, Govt Girls High Sechool, QADIR Baux Tehsil Kamalia, Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan. Secondary School Teacher (SST), Government MC Girls High School People's Colony No 1 Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/continuous-professional-development-and-performance-of-secondary-school-teachers-district-toba-tek-sing-punjab-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).48 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Examining Educational Quality in Public and Private Secondary Schools of Gujranwala: A Comparative Study Shafqat Rasool Asma Anis Alvi Ayesha sheikh Quality Education Public Private Schools Gujranwala Policy Pakistan This study critically assesses the educational standards in both public and private schools in Gujranwala, focusing on key aspects such as physical infrastructure, teacher competence, and the financial framework. The primary objective is to conduct a comprehensive examination of the physical facilities in both sectors, identifying potential differences that may impact the overall educational experience. Additionally, the study aims to compare the qualifications and capabilities of teachers, detecting variations in teaching quality between public and private schools. The financial aspects, including fee structures and compensation systems, are also scrutinized to gain insights into the economic dimensions of education in each sector. This research offers valuable insights into the current state of education in Gujranwala, serving as an informative resource for educational policymakers, parents, and the broader community. The findings aim to provide evidence-based decision-making, facilitating potential improvements in education quality and addressing any existing disparities between public and private schools. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education , Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Principal, The Knowledge School, Walton, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Principle, Bright Career School System, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/examining-educational-quality-in-public-and-private-secondary-schools-of-gujranwala-a-comparative-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).49 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Principal Leadership Strategies for Achieving Organizational Excellence of Public Sector Colleges Abdul Wahab Muhammad Yasir Fayyaz Sajid Ishaq Principal Leadership Strategies Organizational Excellence Leadership Styles Performance Organizational Success Understanding how different strategies and leadership styles contribute to organizational excellence is essential for higher education institutions that face increasing pressure for accountability. Objectives include identifying effective leadership strategies for organizational excellence, exploring the links between strategic leadership practices and employee efficiency, and evaluating the impact of different leadership styles on organizational performance.The study used descriptive and quantitative methodology. Respondents were selected from 40 colleges in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa using a cluster sampling technique. Data were collected from 720 male and female teachers and principals working in government colleges in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region. The research instrument was a comprehensive questionnaire designed to assess two key variables: leadership strategies and organizational excellence.Effective leadership practices were found necessary but they must be complemented by a supportive organizational environment and adequate resources to achieve high performance and it also provides evidence for leaders and organizations to improve their strategies for achieving organizational success. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Institute of Education and Research, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. 2023-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/principal-leadership-strategies-for-achieving-organizational-excellence-of-public-sector-colleges https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-I).50 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Video Games on the Behavior of High School Students Ashraf Iqbal Nimra Maqbool Tanveer Hussain Video Games Students Schools Aggression Behaviour Social Learning Theory Script Theory Academic Behaviour Psychological Behaviour PUBG GTA Taken 3 Violence Video games are frequently viewed to be exciting instructional methods and instruments. Although some of these video games may be helpful in particular educational settings, the vast majority of students use them for entertainment purposes and have thus grown attached. This investigation sought to determine how violent video games shape the conduct of Faisalabad's pupils in school. In this investigation, the investigator used quantitative techniques and a deductive method to determine and assess the effect of video games on the conduct of high school students. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Communication and Media Research, School of communication studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-video-games-on-the-behavior-of-high-school-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Evaluating the Management Skills and Organizational Culture of School Heads in Southern Punjab Muhammad Naeem Qaisar Muhammad Shakir Safura Fatima Management Skills Organizational Culture School Heads Education and Leadership Effective school leadership plays a crucial role in promoting a positive organizational culture and enhancing the quality of education in schools. This study aimed to evaluate the management skills and organizational culture of school heads in Southern Punjab. A quantitative research approach was used to gather information from the school head in Southern Punjab. A sample of 294 head teachers from southern Punjab was selected using a random sampling technique. The results showed that school heads in Southern Punjab have moderately high levels of management skills and moderately positive organizational cultures. There was a strong positive correlation between management skills and organizational culture, with management skills being a strong predictor of organizational culture. The findings highlight the importance of effective school leadership in promoting a positive organizational culture and enhancing the quality of education in schools. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/evaluating-the-management-skills-and-organizational-culture-of-school-heads-in-southern-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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An Interplay of Students' Quality of Life and Academic Motivation at College Level in Multan Division Namra Munir Humera Bhatti Syeda Asma Sarwar Quality Life Academic Motivation College Level The best way for a person or an adult to gain knowledge, understanding, competence, and a positive outlook is through formal education. As a result, one undergoes maturation, honed skill, and instruction. The objective of the study is to find out the relationship between the quality of college life and students' academic motivation at the college level in the Multan division. The study used the descriptive method that used a correlational approach. The population of the study comprised all the women studies in the colleges that come under the jurisdiction of Multan division while the four hundred women were the sample of study who attended the college. The researchers used two questionnaires to collect data from the sample of the study. The study concluded that the quality of college life has a significant relationship with student's motivation. The study may recommend that college may foster a more upbeat environment for students' academic growth Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore – Vehari Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/an-interplay-of-students-quality-of-life-and-academic-motivation-at-college-level-in-multan-division https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effect of Higher Education in Fostering Civic Values among University Students Muhammad Ihsan Zainab Sherazi Khizar Hayat University Students Higher Education Civic Values Education plays a pivotal role to shape students personality for the benefit of society. The objective of the study was to find out the existing and achieved level of civic values. The population was undergraduate students studying social sciences at the University of Sargodha. The intact classes of BS 1st and 8th semesters were the sample of the study. The data were collected through a questionnaire regarding higher education and civic value. The data were analyzed by applying an independent sample t-test to compare the existing and achieved level of civic values of the students. The result revealed that the achieved level of civic values was more prominent than the existing level. It is recommended that such research should be conducted in different universities in Pakistan to find out the effect of the philanthropist role of students in building peace, cooperation and tolerance in society. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-higher-education-in-fostering-civic-values-among-university-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Comparative Analysis of Quality Teaching and Management Practices in Pre-PSSP and Post-PSSP in District Lodhran, Punjab Zafar Iqbal Muhammad Shakir Safura Fatima Quality Teaching Management Practices Public School Supports Program The Punjab Education Sector Reform Program (PSSP) was implemented in 2012 to improve the quality of education in public schools in Punjab, Pakistan. This study aims to compare the quality of teaching and management practices in public schools in Lodhran before and after the implementation of PSSP. The nature of the study was descriptive, while a survey was used to gather information from 250 PSSP school teachers out of 14 schools in Lodhran. The results showed significant improvements in the quality of teaching and management practices after implementing PSSP. Teachers reported feeling more supported and better equipped to teach, with increased access to professional development opportunities and teaching resources. School principals reported improved management practices, including better financial management, effective leadership, and accountability. The findings suggest that PSSP has positively impacted the quality of teaching and management practices in public schools in Lodhran. Humanity Publications Elementary School Teacher (EST), Government High School Railway Station, Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/comparative-analysis-of-quality-teaching-and-management-practices-in-prepssp-and-postpssp-in-district-lodhran-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effects of Blended Learning on Reading Comprehension: A Case Study of High School Students in Kasur, Pakistan Muhammad Shoaib Mehmood Shahid Hussain Shahid Muhammad Arif Khan Blended Learning Mobile-Assisted Language Learning Reading Comprehension Traditional Instruction MALL has grown in ESL classes during the previous decade. Researchers may now study the pros and cons of blended learning (BL), which combines online and in-person education. This quasi-experimental research examined how BL affects reading comprehension. This research examined how blended learning (BL) affected students' writing comprehension. 60 Pakistani secondary school pupils were split into control and experimental groups. The experimental group used "Reading Comprehension" mobile phone software to merge traditional teaching with blended learning for two months. An independent samples t-test compared pre-and post-test results. BL improved reading comprehension in the research. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of English, Lahore Leads University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Humanities & Arts, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of English Language & Literature, Institute of Linguistics & Humanities, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effects-of-blended-learning-on-reading-comprehension-a-case-study-of-high-school-students-in-kasur-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Politeness in the Classrooms of the Visually Impaired Students: A Case Study Fatima Sagheer Aasi Akifa Imtiaz Asma Kashif Shahzad Politeness Interaction Special Education Visually-Impaired Inclusiveness Pakistan. The present study focuses on the use of politeness in teacher-student interaction in a Special Education institute in Pakistan. Using the concepts of Brown and Levinson (1987) and Leech (2014), visually impaired students in grade 8th were observed using or flouting politeness strategies and maxims in the classroom. The results show that the students used both positive and negative politeness strategies. The students repeatedly used negative politeness strategies in order to maintain social distance and to avoid imposition on the teacher. Also, they used maxims of modesty and obligation more frequently than the other maxims. Moreover, it has been observed that these students usually remained quiet and asked fewer questions during class. This research is significant in providing future researchers with a framework to work specifically in the domain of Special Education not only in Pakistan but also globally and will facilitate the development of pedagogical methods for inclusive education. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of English, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Humanities Department, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/politeness-in-the-classrooms-of-the-visually-impaired-students-a-case-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Investigating the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and English Learning Motivation Riffat Ahmad Tanveer Kouser Khalid Rashid Emotions Emotional Intelligence Motivation Motivation for Learning English This study had been conducted to explore the relationship of emotional intelligence with motivation for learning English. The population of the study comprised the Government high schools of the Gujranwala division. A multistage technique of sampling had been used to select the sample for the study and 758 students including 412 girls & 346 boys were chosen. Two questionnaires were used by the researchers to collect the data from the sample. English learning motivation scale was developed by the researchers and the emotional intelligence scale by Schutte (2009) was adapted for the study. Pearson Product Moment Correlation test and Independent Samples t-test were used to make an analysis of the collected data. The results of the study showed a positive significant correlation between motivation and emotional intelligence (r= .560). Data analysis showed that boys and girls were the same in their level of emotional intelligence but they were significantly different in the level of motivation. Girls showed more motivation than boys. It was concluded that more emotionally intelligent students were more motivated for learning English and also enlarged their knowledge. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/investigating-the-relationship-between-emotional-intelligence-and-english-learning-motivation https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Exploring the Entrepreneurial Intention, Expectations of Success and Self-efficacy among the Students of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Pakistan Sidra Naz Zahra Hafeez Ishrat Siddiqa Lodhi Intention Self-Efficacy Self-Reliance Locus of Control and Entrepreneurship The purpose of the study was to explore the entrepreneurial intention, expectations of success, and self-efficacy among students of Sports Sciences in the district of Bahawalpur. The descriptive research method was used to collect data from the students of the Department of Sports Sciences of different colleges of Bahawalpur. A total of 300 students who have completed their intermediate level and enrolled in the graduate study were selected as a sample of the study by using a random sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to conduct this study. One base of the analysis of the study, this study concluded that the majority of the students had a moderate level of entrepreneurial intention, with a higher intention among male students than female students. The findings of the study further depicted that students studying sports sciences with entrepreneurship education and training. This research further gives detailed insights into students' perceptions and experiences with entrepreneurship in the sports business. Humanity Publications Lecturer Physical Education, Department of Higher Education, Government Graduate College for Women, Dubai Mahal Road Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor Fine Arts, Department of Higher Education, Government Graduate College for Women, Dubai Mahal Road Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-entrepreneurial-intention-expectations-of-success-and-selfefficacy-among-the-students-of-physical-education-and-sports-sciences-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Role and Responsibilities of Public-School Principals of Karachi: Perceptions & Hurdles Faced Ambreen Fatimah Mooman Samira Ramzan Ali Ajab Ali Lashari School Principals Perception Roles Responsibilities Hurdles The research study aimed to explore the perception of public school principals about their role and responsibilities for school improvement and to highlight the hurdles that hinder the implementation of the principals' decisions. For this purpose, related literature was reviewed, a qualitative approach phenomenological research design was adopted, and five (05) secondary school principals were interviewed. Later, the steps proposed by Creswell (2013) were employed to analyze, interpret and draw conclusions. It is concluded from the study that principals intend to bring change in the system, but bylaws always hinder their way. Humanity Publications Academic Head, Fatimiyah Education Network, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Hamdard University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/role-and-responsibilities-of-publicschool-principals-of-karachi-perceptions-hurdles-faced https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Investigating the Role of Emotional Intelligence for Effective Leadership: A Study of School Principals from Urban Afrina Afzal Farah Latif Naz Muhammad Hamid Nawaz Khan EI Leadership School Principals Urban areas This study examines how urban school principals use EI to lead. A convenient sampling procedure selected two hundred (200) heads from different institutions in Lahore Pakistan. The study found that urban school administrators' leadership effectiveness depends on EI. High-EQ principals lead  schools better, according to the study. They understand and regulate their emotions and those of their staff and students. Effective leaders are better at communication, dispute resolution, and connection building. The study also found that EI increases school principals' job satisfaction. Higher EI makes workers happier. This improves school outcomes. The study also showed that school directors need to be self-aware, have empathy, and have good social skills in order to be good leaders. These skills help school principals succeed. The study suggests that developing EI competencies should be a priority for aspiring school leaders and schools and districts when selecting and training leaders. By developing EI, schools can improve leadership, job satisfaction, and intellectual environment. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/investigating-the-role-of-emotional-intelligence-for-effective-leadership-a-study-of-school-principals-from-urban https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Do They Read for Pleasure? Surveying Secondary School Teachers of District Lahore, Pakistan Abdul Jabbar Kishwar Wahab Nosheen Fatima Warraich Reading Habit Reading Preference Secondary School Teacher Gender Pakistan Every society is focused on developing readers who not only can read but also want to read. This rule is more employed on teachers when it is evidenced that good readers lead to good teachers. The students are modelling their teachers hence, it is necessary for a school teacher to be good readers to produce good readers and lifelong learners. The current study explored secondary teachers’ reading attitudes, priority towards reading, and engagement activities. Method: The data were collected by surveying 400 secondary school teachers who were teaching in public sector schools of District Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 40 (20 males, 20 females) randomly selected public secondary schools were approached to collect data from 400 teachers through a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 version. Results showed that secondary school teachers perceived themselves as devoted readers and they are reading in their leisure time by considering reading pleasure and relaxing activity. The study was the first of its kind to report reading habits among secondary school teachers teaching in District Lahore, Pakistan. Humanity Publications Librarian, Department of Political Science, Institute of Information Management, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Lecturer, Punjab Government, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Chairperson, Institute of Information Management, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/do-they-read-for-pleasure-surveying-secondary-school-teachers-of-district-lahore-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Challenges to the Implementation of Single National Curriculum: A New Tool for Education Reform Dur Jan Anjum Bano Kazimi Adnan Riaz Education Reform Implementation of Single National Curriculum Trained Teachers The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of introducing the Single National Curriculum in Balochistan's public schools. The research analyzed the potential impact of various educational tools, such as the implementation of new educational strategies, trained teachers, and curriculum changes, on achieving educational reform. The study employed a quantitative research approach and SPSS-22 software to analyze data collected from 208 teachers, and 4 members from Balochistan's Bureau of Curriculum. The findings indicated a significant correlation between the independent and dependent variables. The implementation of the Single National Curriculum, combined with trained teachers, new educational strategies, and curriculum changes, resulted in positive outcomes for education reform in public schools in Balochistan. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Iqra University Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education, Iqra University Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, English Literature Department, University of Turbat, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/challenges-to-the-implementation-of-single-national-curriculum-a-new-tool-for-education-reform https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effect of Supervision on Teachers' Performance at the Secondary Level in Pakistan Waqas Shoukat Saba Javed Munawwar Ahmed Supervision Teacher Performance The main purpose of this research study was to determine the Effect of Supervision on Teacher Performance at the secondary level in Pakistan. The sample of the study was 200 teachers randomly selected from 20 schools of district Lahore questionnaire was for the data collected from the subjects in this quantitative study. Frequency, mean, and t-tests were used for the data analysis. Results of the current study showed that the Directive style is most effective to improve teaching performance at the secondary level, followed by the non-directive and collaborative styles. Results also showed that there is no serious distinction in male and female teacher performance under the supervision of heads in schools with directive, non-directive and collaborative styles. The result also showed that there is no suggestive variance in the male and female supervision on the performance of school teachers with the directive, non-directive and collaborative styles. It is also concluded that teachers are equally satisfied with the effect of supervision in different schools in Lahore. It is recommended that the supervisor adopt an effective supervising style, which can improve the teachers' performance. Moreover, supervision should be monitored and enhanced with supervisor training sessions and workshops. Humanity Publications Coordinator, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, IER, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, Virtual University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-supervision-on-teachers-performance-at-the-secondary-level-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Correlational Study of the Principals' Instructional Leadership and School Improvement at Secondary School Level in District Mardan Muhammad Adnan Niaz Ali Rahim Khan Correlational Study Instructional Leadership Secondary School Madan Education The study investigates the relationship between principals' instructional leadership and school improvement at the secondary school level in district Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. This study aimed to investigate this relationship through a correlational survey (quantitative) research design. All 2644 teachers (male/female) of 167 public sector secondary schools constituted the population of this study. A close-ended questionnaire comprising 39 items was used personally by the researcher to collect data from 335 teachers of 118 secondary schools through a stratified random sampling technique. The collected data was interpreted through SPSS by using the Pearson r test. The findings reveal a positive-significant relationship between principals' instructional leadership and school improvement. The study evidently verified that the better utilization of the instructional role leads to visionary school improvement. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Teachers Education Department, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Assistant Professor, Education Department, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Upper Dir, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Teachers Education Department, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-correlational-study-of-the-principals-instructional-leadership-and-school-improvement-at-secondary-school-level-in-district-mardan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Upgrade Student Engagement in Online Discussion Kirshan Kumar Luhana Imran Khan Ali Raza Student Engagement Online Discussion Salmon's five-stage Model Education This case study specifically examines flaws in the design of online conversations created using Salmon's five-stage model, and highlights how easy it is to overlook key aspects when planning an online campaign. In the case study, the topics chosen for discussion failed to resonate with many students on a personal level. This demonstrates the importance of identifying flaws in the design of online conversations created using Salmon's five-stage model and highlights how easily these issues can be overlooked during event planning. It emphasizes the concept that participation is a prerequisite for community development. This article, therefore, explores how skilled community development practitioners can effectively address and overcome barriers to participation by stimulating personal and emotional interest. By understanding the importance of relationships and emotional engagement, educators can create online activities that truly motivate and engage students, resulting in a more vibrant and engaging online learning community. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Sindh University Laar campus Badin, Pakistan. KICT International Islamic University Malaysia. Bahria University, Karachi Campus, Karachi, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/upgrade-student-engagement-in-online-discussion https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Racism and Injustice: A Study of Friday Black by Nana Kwame Adjei-Brenyah (2018) Under Critical Race Theory Ayesha Sajid Durrani Rizwan Mustafa Rimsha Sameen Racism Injustice Discrimination. Friday Black by Nana Kwame Adjei-Brenyah (2018) masterfully examines American racial injustice, particularly towards Black people. Short stories in the book examine present racial discrimination and injustice. This study analyses Friday Black (2018) short stories for racial injustice using Delgado and Jean's Critical Race Theory (2001). The study seeks to investigate racial prejudice and its effects on black individuals. The textual analysis describes the chosen writing. The proceeding, vocabulary, and tone show racial discrimination and unfairness. The study found that black individuals are degraded and marginalized in individual, social, and legal actions. Cultural, individual, and social racism creates mistrust in people, institutions, and social values and structures through tone, materials, stereotyped depictions, and underestimating of black people. Humanity Publications Lecturer, English, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, University of Narowal, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil., English Literature, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/racism-and-injustice-a-study-of-friday-black-by-nana-kwame-adjeibrenyah-2018-under-critical-race-theory https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Perceptions of Nursing Students towards Plagiarism Muhammad Fayyaz Awan Muhammad Yousuf Bhatti Nazmeen Umer Nursing Students Perception Plagiarism Understanding This research study was conducted on “Perceptions of Nursing Students towards Plagiarism” at three private Nursing Institutions in Karachi. The objective of the study was to explore the understanding of nursing students towards plagiarism. Plagiarism is prevalent in academia. Nursing students commit plagiarism due to various reasons, such as a lack of understanding and a lack of academic writing skills. Qualitative research methodology as a research design was applied and the phenomenological study method was used to understand if nursing students knew about plagiarism or not. The collected data through semi-structured interviews were analyzed thematically. The findings of the study showed that the participants did not have a clear understanding of plagiarism. They were unaware of the types of plagiarism and they had no idea how to avoid plagiarism. The study recommends that courses on preventing plagiarism should be designed and taught to nursing students to enhance their understanding towards plagiarism. Humanity Publications Senior Lecturer, Sohail University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Indus College of Nursing & Midwifery, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Nursing Instructor, College of Nursing, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center (JPMC), Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/perceptions-of-nursing-students-towards-plagiarism https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Teachers Conception about Early Childhood Learners Adoption of 21st Century Skills in Central Punjab Syeda Asma Sarwar Fakhar Ul Zaman Taslim Ullah Teachers Awareness 21st Century Skills Early Childhood Learners Teachers' views on early childhood learners' 21st-century skills adoption are examined in this study. Education for the 21st century promotes student engagement and prepares them for a global, linked society. The study population was primary school teachers. The researcher randomly sampled two hundred fifty elementary school instructors—a questionnaire collected data for the study. Frequency, percentage, mean score, and standard deviation were used to achieve the study's goal. Most respondents said the classroom helped pupils communicate, according to the report. In contrast, most students said they support classroom punishment for learning. The institute improves early learners' communication and classroom motivation. Students follow the class routine and support classroom discipline because they feel safe and comfortable. The results suggest using the unified national curriculum at the preschool level to help young children develop 21st-century skills. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Narowal, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/teachers-conception-about-early-childhood-learners-adoption-of-21st-century-skills-in-central-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).19 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Explore Professional Development Barriers of Teachers: A Case Study of High School Lahore Hafiz Muhammad Afzal Haroon Khuwaja Hisham Ul Hassan Muhammad Arif Professional Development Lahore High school Barriers in Professional Development The study highlights the need for schools to develop a culture that values and supports ongoing teacher professional development. The study utilized in-depth interviews to collect data from a diverse group of teachers with varying levels of experience and teaching contexts. The participants were selected through purposive sampling to ensure representation from different backgrounds and teaching contexts. The interviews were conducted using a semi- structured approach to allow for flexibility in exploring the participants&#39; experiences. The research group includes 12 subject matter experts from four Lahore high schools. At the personal level, teachers reported that work-life balance issues and competing responsibilities, such as family and personal commitments, hindered their ability to engage in professional development activities. They also noted a lack of support from school leadership, which undermined their motivation to pursue professional growth. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business &amp; Management Sciences, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/explore-professional-development-barriers-of-teachers-a-case-study-of-high-school-lahore https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).20 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Identifying and Analyzing the Obstacles in Attaining Quality Education at the Secondary Level in District Kohat Munir Khan Farid Ullah Khan Muhammad Nisar Quality Education Obstacles Secondary Level District Kohat  This study aims to identify and analyze the obstacles that hinder the attainment of quality education at the secondary level in District Kohat. The specific objectives include identifying these obstacles, analyzing their impact on the overall quality of education, assessing current strategies and initiatives, and proposing recommendations for improvement. The population of the study consists of all secondary schools, students, and teachers in District Kohat, with a sample of 20 heads (principals) and 100 students. The research instruments utilized are self-developed questionnaires. The findings indicate that there is no significant association between respondents' opinions and the barriers to quality education in District Kohat. However, further analysis is required to gain a deeper understanding of the relationships between variables. It is recommended that the government takes measures to remove these obstacles and enhance the quality of education in secondary schools in District Kohat. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Malakand, Malakand, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/identifying-and-analyzing-the-obstacles-in-attaining-quality-education-at-the-secondary-level-in-district-kohat https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).21 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Consequence of Proficient Mind-set of Public Secondary School Teachers on Their Teaching Venues Kaniz Fizza Khalid Rashid Premium Issues Bent of Mind Multiple Regressions The worth mentioning objectives of the study were; to determine the proficient mind-set-of teachers towards their profession, and to find out the difference in proficient mind-set-of secondary school teachers based on gender, The Positivist paradigm was followed to design a quantitative research method for collecting evidence to support the study. A sample of 720 teachers from three divisions of Punjab i.e. Lahore, Multan, and Rawalpindi was selected through random sampling. To collect information from teachers’ two instruments i.e. Proficient mindset scale and the Teaching venues scale were developed. The study was descriptive and a survey was used to collect data. The data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Frequency and percentage of demographic information were computed to explore the distribution of gender, and over locale. Multiple regressions were applied followed by the administration of Pearson product-moment correlation to find and predict the effects of proficient mind-set-of public secondary school teachers on their teaching venues. Proficient mind-set-of teachers explained 42% variance in teacher venues. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-consequence-of-proficient-mindset-of-public-secondary-school-teachers-on-their-teaching-venues https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).22 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Teacher's teaching Strategies on the Academic Achievements of Middle School Students in Mathematics Madiha Shafiq Muhammad Amir Hashmi Shabana Zafar Mathematics Academic Achievements Teaching Strategies Middle Section Students The purpose of this study was to find out the impact of teachers’ teaching strategies on the academic achievements of middle-section students, particularly in Mathematics. To achieve this, an experiment was carried out under the umbrella of quantitative study. Pre and post-test were taken. The experimental group participants were taught by implementing teaching strategies and controlled group participants were taught by lecture-based methods. The data was gathered from 7th-grade students at private high schools. There were 25 participants in each group. Hypotheses were being tested against the research questions, The descriptive and inferential statistics showed beyond doubt that learning through innovative strategies had a greater impact on the academic achievements of middle school students than learning through lecture-based methods. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education & Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Lecturer, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-teachers-teaching-strategies-on-the-academic-achievements-of-middle-school-students-in-mathematics https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).23 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Parental Involvement and Academic Motivation in Early Years: A Quantitative Analysis Scherezade Naeem Najmunnisa Khan Parental Involvement Academic Motivation Early Childhood Care &amp; Education Academic Success Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) aims to develop a child's social, emotional, cognitive, and physical needs integrally in order to lay a strong base for everlasting learning and positive transformation of students. The objective was to find out the relationship between early-year parental involvement and academic motivation along with the impact between these two variables. The researcher also sought to find out the moderating effect of the educational level of parents on the relationship between early-year parental involvement and academic motivation. The researcher applied a quantitative methodology and the correlational data analysis reflected a strong, impactful and significant relationship. The moderating test results showed that the educational level of parents has a positive moderating effect. It is recommended that parental counselling and parental educational programs should be implemented in Pakistan so that parents can upgrade their education and enlighten their minds to nurture and support early-year pupils. Humanity Publications Research Scholar, Education Department, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science & Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Education Department, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/parental-involvement-and-academic-motivation-in-early-years-a-quantitative-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).24 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Relationship of Work Climate and Job Strain Among University Teachers of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Nazir Haider Shah Imrab Shaheen Khalid Mahmood Kiani Work Climate Job Strain University Teachers This study was conducted to find out the relationship between work climate and job strain among university teachers of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. A survey was performed to gather the data for this study, which was descriptive in nature. All (145) of the University of Kotli's instructors made up the study's population. The sample was chosen using a universal sampling method. For instructors, a questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale was created. The researcher directly collected the data after evaluating its validity and dependability on the study's sample. Statistical Software for Social Sciences (SPSS) used the mean, standard deviation, and correlation to evaluate the data. Workplace atmosphere and workplace stress were found to be positively and significantly correlated. It is advised that educational schools concentrate on organizational culture and work to lessen employee stress. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Kotli, AJ&K, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Kotli, AJ&K, Pakistan. Assistant Professor (Visiting), Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/relationship-of-work-climate-and-job-strain-among-university-teachers-of-azad-jammu-and-kashmir https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).25 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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An Analysis of English Oral Communication Skills after Successful Transition from Primary to Elementary Level Muhammad Naveed Akhtar Sadia Tariq Madiha Liaqat Transition Successful Primary Level Elementary Level English Oral Communication Skills The study examines oral communication transitions from primary to elementary English. At the end of primary school, the Pakistani government set an English oral communication standard for all public and private school students. Descriptive study. Convenient sampling and approaching respondents. District Okara elementary schools kept this study. Selecting all Okara primary schools was impossible. District Okara chose 12 urban and rural primary schools. The research sampled 120 students. All students took 25 questions. An analysis of English oral communication ability (EOCS) audio recorder transcribed data. SPSS and Excel 2010 analysed data. Descriptive and inferential statistics analysed and interpreted data. Statistics included descriptive and inferential. Frequency and T- test. Pakistan's government may help elementary school teachers improve kids' English oral communication. The government may change myths and curricula to improve English oral communication. Humanity Publications Administrative Officer, Department of Education, University of Education, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil English Linguistics, Department of English, Riphah International University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Education, Institute of Agricultural Extension, Education and Rural Develompent, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/an-analysis-of-english-oral-communication-skills-after-successful-transition-from-primary-to-elementary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).26 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Assessment Rubrics as Effective Feedback: Prospective Teachers' Perceptions and Practices Tayyaba Tariq Mir Amna Arif Fariha Gul Rubrics Feedback Assessment Tools Data-Driven Decision-Making Authentic Assessment This paper examines the receptiveness among prospective teachers for rubrics as effective feedback for learning and assessment. It also investigates the dispositions among prospective teachers toward the practice of rubrics in their future classrooms. It uses a qualitative research approach and collects data from 15 participants who were selected through a purposive sampling method from four universities. The data is analyzed using NVivo 12 Pro, and themes are derived and calculated based on the frequency of responses. The paper finds that using rubrics for grading has various benefits for both prospective teachers and their learners, such as improvement in grades, motivation, awareness, feedback, support, skillfulness, quality, time management, critical thinking, etc. The paper also finds that there are some challenges and gaps in the implementation and practice of rubrics in the Pakistani education system. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/assessment-rubrics-as-effective-feedback-prospective-teachers-perceptions-and-practices https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).27 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Uncovering Teachers' Perceptions, Overcoming Barriers, and Introducing an Effective Framework for Incorporating and Evaluating 21st Century Skills in Classrooms Syeda Um E Laila Naqvi Iqra Sharif Imran Khan 21st-Century Skills 4Cs Classroom Practice School Education Framework for 4Cs This study explores the effectiveness of 21st-century soft skills, namely communication, collaboration, critical thinking, and creativity (4Cs) in education. The study adopts a narrative design and targets ten school leaders and teachers as the purposively sampled participants. The semi-structured interviews focused on assessing the effectiveness of the 4Cs and identifying barriers to their implementation. The findings indicated that the participating leaders and teachers recognize the significance of the 4Cs in educational settings. Critical thinking is identified as essential for problem-solving, effective communication as a two-way exchange of ideas, collaboration for teamwork and achieving common goals, and creativity for innovative thinking. However, challenges were identified, including time constraints, lack of professional development, and resistance to change among teachers. Students' lack of motivation and difficulties in assessing outcomes associated with the 4Cs were also recognized as barriers. To address these challenges, the study proposed a framework for incorporating and evaluating 21st-century skills. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Visiting Faculty, University of Narowal, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/uncovering-teachers-perceptions-overcoming-barriers-and-introducing-an-effective-framework-for-incorporating-and-evaluating-21st-century-skills-in-classrooms https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).28 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Factors Influence Female Teachers' Academic Competencies at the Secondary School Level Fakhar Ul Zaman Taslim Ullah Sadia Waris Female teacher academic competencies Secondary schools The research focuses on how many factors influence the academic competencies of female secondary school educators. The study set out to accomplish the research objective of identifying the factors that affect the competencies of female secondary school teachers. The study employed a descriptive research strategy. All female secondary school teachers in Central Punjab were included in the study population. Two hundred fifty female secondary school educators participated in the study. In order to get representative data from participants, the researchers used a random sampling method. In order to gather information from a research sample, a questionnaire was designed. Most study participants (93.6%) agreed that girls' schools impact female educators' abilities. Researchers found that all three contextual factors significantly affected how well women performed as secondary school educators. Humanity Publications Visiting Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/factors-influence-female-teachers-academic-competencies-at-the-secondary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).29 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Role of Secondary School Heads Toward Teachers' Pedagogical Competence: A Locality-based Study Syed Faiyaz Ahmad Zaidi Naeem Ullah Jam Muhammad Zafar School Leadership Teachers' Pedagogical Competence Secondary School Heads Secondary School Teachers The study investigated the role of secondary school heads (SSHs) to improve teachers' pedagogical competence (TPC), and to find out differences in the role of SSHs to improve TPC. The study was descriptive in nature and a survey method was adopted. The population was the secondary school teachers (SSTs) of public secondary schools. Multi-stage random sampling was used. 432 SSTs were selected as a sample. A 5-point Likert scale was used to collect data. The overall reliability of the four constructs of leadership roles was 0.813. The data were analyzed through mean, SD, ANOVA and Post Hoc. The results of the study were that the majority of the respondents agreed that SSHs perform their role as TL, IL, DL, and AL effectively and there were zone-wise significant differences in the perceptions of SSTs about the role of SSHs toward TPC. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/role-of-secondary-school-heads-toward-teachers-pedagogical-competence-a-localitybased-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).30 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Comparing the Impact of Online Learning Platforms and Traditional Classroom Settings on Student Performance and Satisfaction Sumaira Batool Nadia Mehrukh Muhammad Waseem Student Satisfaction Online Learning Traditional Classroom This study evaluated online and traditional learning for effectiveness and student satisfaction. 500 university students evaluated both learning methods. Data was quantified. Age, gender, and major were collected for diversity. Two questionnaires assessed student satisfaction and performance with online learning platforms and traditional classrooms. Likert-scale items rated satisfaction and efficacy. Online and traditional classrooms had interesting variances in student enjoyment and efficacy. Students liked online learning. Most students said online and traditional classrooms were beneficial. Online learning platforms were better at facilitating self-paced learning, tailored instruction, and a wide selection of learning materials. The findings can help educators and policymakers create and implement online learning platforms. The study also emphasizes the importance of student preferences and needs when constructing instructional tactics and the potential benefits of blended learning approaches that combine both learning modalities. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Alhamd Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. M.Phil. (Education), Department of Early Childhood Education and Elementary Teacher Education (ECE&ETE), Faculty of Education, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/comparing-the-impact-of-online-learning-platforms-and-traditional-classroom-settings-on-student-performance-and-satisfaction https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).31 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Importance of Elementary School Teachers in Encouraging Students to Learn the English Language Hajra Arshad Naveed Ahmad Taseer Muhammad Aamir Hashmi Motivation Sustain ESL Intrinsic Extrinsic This study was conducted to explore the role of teachers to sustain student motivation towards English language learning. The purpose of this study was to find the level of government teachers' knowledge and expertise to employ motivational strategies in their classrooms, particularly at the elementary level. This descriptive study has been constructed on a "post-positivist paradigm" which falls under quantitative research. A questionnaire was designed and 25 government schools were selected for data collection through random sampling. The sample of the study was comprised of 40 male and 60 female English teachers of elementary level. SPSS examined and summarized the data. Though they feel motivation is crucial for language development, most government elementary school teachers struggle to motivate students in English. Most teachers said their English language students don't participate because they don't use new incentive tactics. Finally, teachers were encouraged to use motivating tactics to promote and sustain student motivation. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Business and Management Sciences, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-importance-of-elementary-school-teachers-in-encouraging-students-to-learn-the-english-language https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).32 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Education Under Border Shelling: Evidence from Schools Near Line of Control in Azad Jammu and Kashmir Zafar Saleem Shabeena Shaheen Muhabat Khan Border Shelling Education Infrastructure. Student Enrollment Teacher and Student Stress  This study was undertaken in schools which are situated near the Line of Control (LOC) in AJ&K. Objectives of the study were to find the effect of border shelling on educational setup in these schools. The population of the study was elementary and secondary school teachers who were teaching in schools near LOC in Tehsil Abbaspor District Poonch AJ&K. Universal sampling technique was used for sample selection. Five null hypotheses were formulated relating to the objectives of the research study. It was found that border shelling has a significant effect on education setup. It was also found that border shelling had a significant effect on the infrastructure of schools, teacher and student mental stress and student enrolment. Five null hypotheses were formulated which were rejected. It is recommended that government may take special security measures, allocate a special budget, and arrange training and counselling program. Future researchers can investigate border shelling effect on social problems. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Mohid-ud-Din Islamic University Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K), Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Mohid-ud-Din Islamic University Nerian Sharif, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K), Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Loralai, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/education-under-border-shelling-evidence-from-schools-near-line-of-control-in-azad-jammu-and-kashmir https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).33 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Managing Public Elementary School Classrooms in Lahore: Physical Facilities Related Challenges for Novice Teachers Ayesha Saleem Yaar Muhammad Naima Qureshi Classroom Management Elementary Schools Physical Facilities Novice Teachers Challenges Furniture Electricity This study aimed to develop an understanding of the physical facility-related challenges that novice teachers in public elementary schools have faced during classroom management in their first three years. The semi-structured interview research design was employed, and the data was collected from a purposive sample of twenty novice public school teachers who had less than three years of experience.Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the interview data. Most participants reported the absence of basic facilities such as small class sizes, rough and inadequate furniture, the absence of audio-visual aids, a shortage of electricity in the summer, and inadequate water and sanitation facilities in schools. Most novice teachers reported that teaching in the absence of these facilities was very difficult. It is suggested that the school education department should provide all the essential physical facilities in schools so that teachers can manage and teach effectively in their classrooms. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Township Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, Government College Women's University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Township Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/managing-public-elementary-school-classrooms-in-lahore-physical-facilities-related-challenges-for-novice-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).34 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Causes of High Dropouts & Poor Enrollment at Primary School Level in Balochistan: A Case Study of Chagai District Gul Khan Naseer Baloch Ghulam Ali Jariko Shahab Uddin Mughal Causes High Dropout Poor Enrolment Chagai This research was carried out to explore causes of high dropouts and poor enrollment at primary school level in district Chagai Balochistan. The purpose of this study was to explore the Dropout & Low Enrolment causes, their interdependence and interconnectivity to be able to have a clear picture and find out recommendations and solutions of these issues. Governments in all tear are working harder and spending a lot of money to counter the present alarming situation in primary education, but results are not satisfactory. The research revealed that most of the parents 34.5% were illiterate, while 33.3% having matriculation or less education and 78.8%, distance as reason, 42.2% while 38.9% low family income, and 48.8%. Further, affecting factors identified as; poverty, illiteracy and non-availability of schools, lack of basic facilities, multi-grade teaching and access issues have a strong relation to lowenrollment and high dropout. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Research Scholar, Sindh Development Studies Centre, Sindh University, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Dean, The University of Modern Sciences, Tando Muhammad Khan (TUMS), Sindh, Pakistan. Ex-Director, Sindh Development Studies Centre, Sindh University, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/causes-of-high-dropouts-poor-enrollment-at-primary-school-level-in-balochistan-a-case-study-of-chagai-district https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).35 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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English Language Anxiety: Investigating the Effect on Primary School Teachers' Performance Ashfaq Afzal Muhammad Shahid Zulfiqar Ali Suneeta Asghar Language Anxiety; Primary Teachers Performance in English This study has been conducted by the researcher under a positivist paradigm while opting for the Quantitative approach. The study has been conducted while including 230 ESTs purposively and included in the study. All of the selected teachers were serving in FGEI's (C/G) Lahore region. The teachers' perspectives regarding their anxiety were measured with the help of a questionnaire comprising 30 items adopted from (Horwitz et al., 1986). On the other hand, the concerning teachers’ terminal GPA in English taken from the BISE results was taken to measure their performance. The results revealed an inverse and weaker effect of the teachers’ anxiety on their performance. Humanity Publications Head of Education Department, Pakistan Gospel Mission, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/english-language-anxiety-investigating-the-effect-on-primary-school-teachers-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).36 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Unravelling the Link between Social Media Usage and Academic Achievement among ESL Learners: A Quantitative Analysis Muhammad Ramzan Rozina Bibi Nafeesa Khunsa Social media platforms Academic performance ESL learners Quantitative study Social networking websites On account of the widespread utilization of social media worldwide, much research has been done to ascertain how it affects the Learning achievement of students. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the relationship between social media use and academic performance in English as a second language (ESL) students. 412 secondary school students from Karachi participated in the study,which used quantitative research techniques. The study's conclusions showed that students used social media platforms to a respectable extent. Additionally, it was found that ESL students' use of social media considerably improved their ESL learning outcomes. By identifying the influence of social media use, educators and policymakers may create plans to maximize its potential for raising academic engagement and performance among ESL students. It may also come from further research in this area, which will ultimately benefit ESL students and their educational experiences. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar English Linguistics, Department of English Linguistics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of English Linguistics and Literature, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of English, NUML Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/unravelling-the-link-between-social-media-usage-and-academic-achievement-among-esl-learners-a-quantitative-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).37 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Exploring Content-Related Difficulties Faced by Student-teachers of B.Ed Programme in Learning 'Derivation' Concept at Sukkur IBA University Ghulam Mohuyddin Solangi Amjad Ali Rind Shahid Hussain Mughal Mathematics Content Related Difficulties B.Ed. Student-teachers Derivation This study explores student-teacher content-related difficulties in learning the "Derivation" concept in B.Ed. Program of Sukkur IBA University. The qualitative study used exploratory research design and purposive sampling for data collection. Data was collected through interviews and thematically analysed. The study found that most students struggle with derivation, including building a basic concept, understanding the logic behind the definition, differentiating function and variable in Leibniz Notation, understanding word problem words, deriving information from word problems, and choosing an appropriate technique to solve word problems. Most students struggle to understand limited concepts. The current study suggested that student-teachers should be taught by changing teaching methodology from procedural to conceptual, teaching the pre-concept of the main concept, connectingmathematical concepts with real life, and using a problem-solving approach to learn derivation. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor Department of Education, Shaheed Benazir Butto University, Shaheed Benazir Abad, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, IBA University, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan. Principal, Government Elementary College of Education, Shikarpur, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-contentrelated-difficulties-faced-by-studentteachers-of-bed-programme-in-learning-derivation-concept-at-sukkur-iba-university https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).38 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Author Cannot Die! A Critical Evaluation of Ronald Barthes' Essay The Death of the Author Ali Haider Muhammad Akbar Khan Iram Sattar Absence Author Literary Criticism Identity Roland Barthes Meaning Reader The status of the Author's identity in Literary Criticism regarding the ownership of meaning created in a text is still unresolved debate. Postmodern critics like Barthes and Foucault attribute no importance to the author in the matter of interpretation of his own literary work. The present research has focused on highlighting the significance of the existence of the Author for a comprehensive understanding of the text and proposed the notion of the coexistence of the Author and the Reader in order to retain the privilege of the Author as well as to circumvent misleading interpretations on the part of the readers by aligning his interpretation with the thought of the author. The study concludes that it is the author who directs readers' understanding of the text and adds to their knowledge and that the readers cannot be left alone to stagger between their indecisive interpretations of a text. Humanity Publications Principal, Jinnah College of Education, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Languages, The University of Chenab, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Punjab College, Sambrial, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/author-cannot-die-a-critical-evaluation-of-ronald-barthes-essay-the-death-of-the-author https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).39 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Teachers' Motivation on Students' Performance Shagufta Nahid Noshaba Muzaffar Muhammad Abbas Teachers' Motivation Students' Achievement Motivational Techniques The main goal of this research was to analyze the impact of the motivation of teachers on the academic achievement of students. For the current study, twenty secondary school teachers from the Faisalabad region participated in structured interviews to collect qualitative data. The interview questions stated that a 20 to 30-minute interview period was to be anticipated. The responses were recorded before being turned into text. Teachers contend that a number of interconnected environmental factors influence their motivation, dedication, passion, and commitment to their line of work. The influence of teacher excitement on student involvement and participation cannot be overstated, say many educators. The influence of teacher excitement on student involvement and participation cannot be overstated, say many educators. Motivated teachers can create a stimulating learning environment that fosters students' enthusiasm for learning and internal motivation. The study's findings suggest that teachers should use a range of incentive tactics to raise student performance. Humanity Publications SST, Government Girls High School, Nisar Colony, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Headmistress, Government Girls High School, Nisar Colony, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Principal, Workers Welfare School, Sahianwala, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-teachers-motivation-on-students-performance https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).40 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Sentiments, Attitudes and Concerns toward Inclusion of Public School Teachers about Disabilities Moazzam Shehzad Muhammad Luqman Khan Hafiza Shabnum Noor Sentiments Attitudes Concerns Public School Teachers Disabilities Cross- Sectional Study Suitable Strategies and Fluctuated Levels This study was conducted on assessment of sentiments, Attitudes and concerns towards the inclusion of public-school teachers about disabilities. Data was collected from public school teachers. A cross-sectional study was done in 6 month time period and will be evaluated side by side. Approximately 600 participants were the part of study using nonprobability convenient sampling. Results showed that the intervention increased the self-efficacy of teaching, producing more favourable cognition and affective attitudes toward inclusive education, and minimized teacher concerns. However, there was less evidence regarding the impact of inclusive classroom practices. Awareness programs should be devised so that teachers could understand their responsibilities better while being in a classroom with a disabled student. Humanity Publications Speech Language Pathologist, Rashid Hospital, Shahkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Punjab, Pakistan. Senior Lecturer, Riphah College of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/sentiments-attitudes-and-concerns-toward-inclusion-of-public-school-teachers-about-disabilities https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).41 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Using Interactive Smart Boards on Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students Abid Ali Shafqat Ali Iram Parveen Interactive Smart Boards Academic Achievement Secondary Students Education The interactive smart board has made the developing system more innovative and sensible.The main goals of the review were to determine the effects of the interactive smart board on science learning among low achievers in school, interactive smart board on science learning among high achiever students in school, and to compare how science students do when using a smart board rather than the traditional whiteboard. There is no significant difference in low achiever and high achiever students in learning science when using an interactive smart board; there is no significant difference in low achiever and high achiever students in learning science when using a traditional whiteboard. A pre-test and post-test control group design was used. There were 66 students, and the control and experimental groups were selected using a random assignment. A 30-item test was created and administered as a pre-test and post-test. The analysis provided concrete evidence that the interactive smart board was superior to the conventional whiteboard for the learning and development experience. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-using-interactive-smart-boards-on-academic-achievement-of-secondary-school-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).42 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Teacher's Performance in Higher Education Institutions in Pakistan Bakht Jamal Muhammad Hamid Nawaz Khan Sultan Akbar Shah Emotional Intelligence Teachers Higher Education Institute Pakistan This study examines how emotional intelligence affects higher education teachers in Pakistan. Emotional intelligence shapes teacher-student relationships and classroom dynamics. The quantitative descriptive research design was adopted for the study. The respondents were 350 teachers from higher education institutions. The data were collected through a questionnaire to determine how emotional intelligence affects classroom management, communication, and teacher-student relationships. The data were analyzed by applying Pearson correlation and Regression Analysis. The findings reveal significant positive correlations between emotional intelligence and classroom management practices (r = 0.62) and effective communication skills (r = 0.68). Additionally, there is a moderate to strong positive correlation (r = 0.68) between emotional intelligence and teacher-student relationships. The regression analysis confirms emotional intelligence significantly predicts the quality of teacher-student relationships (β = 0.50, p < 0.001). The findings emphasize the relevance of emotional intelligence in higher education teachers to increase performance and provide a more supportive learning environment. Emotional intelligence training in teacher education and professional development can improve Pakistani education. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Education, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Extension Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-emotional-intelligence-on-teachers-performance-in-higher-education-institutions-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).43 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Peer-Mediated Strategies for Managing Inclusive Early Childhood Classrooms: A Phenomenological Study Marryum Tahira Faran Ahmed Faisal Anis Inclusive Education Classroom Management Peer Strategies Self-directed Strategies Early Childhood Education This qualitative phenomenological study explored early childhood teachers’ perspectives on managing inclusive classrooms in Lahore, Pakistan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 teachers from 9 inclusive schools. Thematic analysis revealed that most teachers reported that students help each other in inclusive classrooms through peer learning and cooperation. Teachers created mixed ability groups and peer support, facilitating disabled students’ learning and social skills. Cooperative learning was viewed as improving academic achievement, social acceptance, positive behaviour and friendships. Findings suggest that peer collaboration and self-regulation strategies can effectively manage inclusive classrooms. More teacher training is needed on student-directed strategies. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Graduate, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. English Language Trainer, Future Institute of O level and A level, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/peermediated-strategies-for-managing-inclusive-early-childhood-classrooms-a-phenomenological-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).44 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effectiveness of Employing the English Language as a Medium of Instruction in ESL Learning in the Pakistani Educational System Salma Jeevan Sonal Khan Maitlo Athar Nawaz Jalbani Medium of instruction English &amp; Urdu mediums Pakistani educational system ESL learning Experimental research The present research was an effort to explore the effectiveness of the English language as a medium of instruction in ESL learning in the Pakistani educational system. By using a quasi-experimental research design a purposive sample of 72 students equally from both genders was selected from the population of a government primary school in district Kasur. Pretest and posttest were used as research instrumentation. The ESL learners were separated equally into 2 groups termed experimental and control groups. Each group contained 18 male and 18 female ESL learners. The first one was trained in the old-style method while the second one was treated by employing the English medium of instruction for all subjects. The treatment was given for two months. The results of the pretest and post-test showed a significant difference between the scores of both groups. The results revealed that English as a medium of instruction is better for ESL learning. Humanity Publications M.Phil. English (Linguistics), Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. English (Linguistics), Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of English (Linguistics), Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effectiveness-of-employing-the-english-language-as-a-medium-of-instruction-in-esl-learning-in-the-pakistani-educational-system https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).45 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Role of Collaborative Strategies in Enhancing ESL Learners' Motivation: A Critical Discourse Analysis Nargis Noor Jalalzai Mehwish Jameel Bibi Ranra ESL Learning Motivation Collaborative Strategies Discourse Analysis Cooperative Learning Games-based Learning Peer Feedback and Assessment This study investigates the role of Collaborative Strategies in enhancing ESL learners' motivation. Through critical discourse analysis, three key strategies emerge - group projects and cooperative learning, interactive language games and simulations, and encouraging peer feedback and assessment. These strategies align with sociocultural theory, gamification, task-based language teaching, and social learning theory. The findings reveal that these Collaborative Strategies positively influence ESL learners' motivation, fostering a deeper commitment to language learning and promoting language proficiency and communication skills. The study offers valuable insights for teachers and policymakers to optimize ESL education, creating an empowering and engaging learning environment that empowersESL learners for a brighter future in an interconnected world. Humanity Publications M.Phil. in Education. Department of Education, University of Loralai, Balochistan, Pakistan. M.Phil. Applied Linguistics, School of English, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of English, City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/role-of-collaborative-strategies-in-enhancing-esl-learners-motivation-a-critical-discourse-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).46 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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School Dropout and Suicide Intention of Students: A Study at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Level Niaz Ali Rooh ul Amin Shahzaib Education Examination Phobia Pakistan Parental Pressure Secondary Schools Bunir The pressure on the students for high marks creates exam phobia, which in turn causes school drop-out and suicide intention of the students. With the help of examination phobia (EPH), this study looked into the effects of parental pressure for high grades (PPHM) on students' intention to commit suicide (SI) and drop out (SD). It was also discovered that the socioeconomic status and education of the parents were moderate. There were 49 items on the survey. SPSS and AMOS were used to analyse the data gathered from 384 respondents. According to this study's substantial correlation between the factors, parental pressure for high grades may still have an impact on kids' intentions to commit suicide and their likelihood of dropping out of school. The socioeconomic situation and educational level of the parents were found to be moderators of the connection between PPHM and SI and SD. The school heads, the parents and the society might not ignore the factors causing students' suicide intention leads to their suicide. This study makes a substantial contribution to the literature in the field in a developing nation. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Dir Upper, KP, Pakistan.. Lecturer, Department of Education, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Dir Upper, KP, Pakistan. Senior Section Head, Army Public School Engineers, Akora Khattak, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/school-dropout-and-suicide-intention-of-students-a-study-at-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).47 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Adoption of Information Communication Technology during the Pandemic: Exploring the University Teachers' Experiences in Pakistan Rukhsana Bashir Nimra Zia Sahrish Saba ICT Tools University Teachers Pandemic in Pakistan Adoption of ICT This study aimed at exploring the university teachers’ experiences regarding the adoption of Information Communication Technology (ICT) during the pandemic in Punjab. The sample has been selected conveniently from four public universities based in Punjab. The sample consisted of 28 university teachers teaching in the Education departments. The data were collected with the help of a semi-structured interview protocol comprising 10 questions. The collected data from individual interviews have been analyzed with the help of Thematic Analysis. The results revealed that the teachers working in Distance Education providing universities were already aware of using ICT in teaching. However, those who were teaching in Formal Education mode universities were not well versed in the integration of ICT in teaching. Similarly, the teachers were not given any proper training for conducting online classes. Rather they were given some videos which described how to use online channels for teaching. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Noon Business School, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Milat University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/adoption-of-information-communication-technology-during-the-pandemic-exploring-the-university-teachers-experiences-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).48 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of QAED Punjab Promotion-linked Training on Developing Teachers' Competencies for School Educational Leaders in Punjab: A Meta-Analytic Study Muhammad Abbas Ayesha Tariq Muhammad Arif Quaid-e-Azam Academy for Educational Development (QAED) Promotion-linked Training (PLTs) Teacher’s Education (TE) Services Teacher Training Program (STTP) Training has a significant impact on teachers’ development. This study aims for a meta- analysis on the impact of the Quaid-e-Azam Academy for Educational Development (QAED)/DSD Punjab's promotion-linked training program enhancement of teachers' competencies, specifically focusing on their role as educational leaders in schools across Punjab, especially school leaders. The data sources in this meta-analysis research are nine national research papers that have been published from 2018 to 2023. The method of selecting data sources is the PRISMA method. The data sources are Google Scholar, Eric, and Proquest. Data analysis is a quantitative and qualitative analysis that involves calculating the effect size value, standard error, and average value (mean) with the help of the application. The study indicates that the research explores various dimensions of teachers' competencies, such as pedagogical skills, classroom management, communication, curriculum development, and innovative teaching methods. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, Quaid-e-Azam Academy for Educational Development (QAED/DSD), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-qaed-punjab-promotionlinked-training-on-developing-teachers-competencies-for-school-educational-leaders-in-punjab-a-metaanalytic-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).49 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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An Analysis of the Deforming Tendencies in the English Translation of Zama Jwand Aw Jidojehad by Imtiaz Ahmad Sahibzada Asif Khan Israr Ahmad Kamran Zaib Zama Jwand Ao Jidojehad Deforming Tendencies Translation This thesis analyses the English translation "My Life and Struggle" by Imtiaz Ahmad Sahibzada, of the Pashto text "Zama Jwand Ao Jidojehad" by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. In the current study "Zama Jwand Ao Jidojehad" is the source text, while "My life and struggle" is the target text for analysis. Selected excerpts of the said books are extracted for translation purposes. It adopts a qualitative method and close reading technique for the analysis of this study. Antoine Berman's twelve Deforming Tendencies is used as a theoretical modal for this study. It highlights that there are deforming tendencies in the source text's English translation. Humanity Publications M.Phil., Department of English, Northern University, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of English, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil. Department of English, Northern University, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/an-analysis-of-the-deforming-tendencies-in-the-english-translation-of-zama-jwand-aw-jidojehad-by-imtiaz-ahmad-sahibzada https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).50 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effects of Head Teaches' Task-Oriented Behavior on Teachers’ Performance at Secondary Level Lahore Muhammad Iqbal Syed Kamran Ali Razi Afifa Bibi Task-oriented Leadership Head Teacher Secondary Level Teachers' Performance This study aimed to illuminate the effects of head teachers' task-oriented leadership style on secondary grade teachers' performance. The head teachers and teachers of the secondary level of Lahore City constituted the population of the study. From this population, 300 teachers and students were selected as samples by stratified random sampling technique. Data was collected by using survey questionnaires. Two self-made questionnaires were developed and used to collect data from teachers and students. Participants were asked to respond to a 5-point Likert scale ranging from '1' indicating strongly disagree and '5' indicating strongly agree in terms of how strongly the head teachers practised task-oriented behaviour. Collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics that include mean, percentage, and independent sample t-test and regression analysis. The main finding of the study revealed that head teachers' task-oriented behaviour has a positive effect on teachers' performance at the secondary level. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Special Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Education (ELPS), University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effects-of-head-teaches-taskoriented-behavior-on-teachers-performance-at-secondary-level-lahore https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).51 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Problems Faced and Coping Strategies during Online Teaching by EFL Teachers at Secondary Level Muhammad Faisal Farid Sabahat Parveen Asif Iqbal Language Learning Problems Coping Strategies Students’ Learning This research explored the challenges faced by EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teachers in the realm of online teaching/learning and the strategies to overcome these obstacles. The objectives were to explore the challenges of EFL teachers during online teaching classes and to suggest coping strategies for EFL teachers. Twenty teachers were selected randomly from five secondary schools. The study employs a qualitative approach, via in-depth interviews, to explore the various hurdles EFL learners encounter in online learning. Findings revealed many challenges including limited face-to-face interaction, technological issues, self-motivation, and the absence of immediate feedback. The study also illuminates the coping strategies employed by EFL learners, such as leveraging online resources, forming virtual study groups, and adopting time management techniques. The thematic analysis produced five conclusions. Teaching materials, corrective measures, and instructional techniques regarding coping mechanisms utilized by EFL teachers, whereas multiple factors encounter difficulties when teaching low achievers. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/problems-faced-and-coping-strategies-during-online-teaching-by-efl-teachers-at-secondary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).52 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Public Secondary Schools’ Early Childhood Education System and its Effectiveness for Learners in Punjab Province Mirza Zafarullah Farmayash Shafqat Ali Samra Mehmood Teacher Perceptions Early Childhood Education Initiatives In contrast to underdeveloped nations, developed countries worldwide have achieved dominance through their focus on research and education. This study aimed to investigate initiatives in early childhood education by examining the perspectives of teachers and school principals. The data was gathered from 140 teachers and 140 principals in Kasur, utilizing a 5-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis was employed to evaluate the ECE system and its effectiveness. The research reveals that early childhood education initiatives are largely effective when accompanied by the necessary resources and facilities. Based on these findings, it is recommended that ECE classrooms be developed in a systematic manner, with a defined feedback mechanism in place. ECE teachers should actively promote cooperative learning among children and work to enhance students' enthusiasm for learning. Furthermore, a well-structured training system should be implemented for the capacity building of teachers. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/public-secondary-schools-early-childhood-education-system-and-its-effectiveness-for-learners-in-punjab-province https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).53 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Enhancing Digital Skills for the Deaf in Lahore: A Study of Training Program Effectiveness Khurram Khaliq Maliha Riaz Shazia Anwar Computer Training Hearing Impairment Vocational Education Student Perceptions Accessibility Employability Pakistan This research aimed to explore the effectiveness of computer courses offered in different vocational institutes as perceived by persons with hearing impairment (PWHI). The research utilized a quantitative paradigm with a descriptive design. The target population comprised PWHI who had undertaken computer training. A convenience sampling technique was used to collect data from 180 PWHI enrolled in computer courses across four institutions in Lahore, Pakistan. SPSS software-enabled analysis of the data using frequency distributions for demographic information and respondent statements. Findings revealed most participants were satisfied with their acquired knowledge from the training courses, without facing substantial difficulties. Furthermore, respondents conveyed an understanding of the concepts and perceived the skills as beneficial for employment. Responses relating to instruction indicated most instructors used sign language during lessons and provided adequate time for supervised practice. Recommendations from the study advise enhancing course content to include skills to enable earning potential from freelancing. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Special Education Graduate & Computer Operator, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. M.Phil. Special Education Graduate & Sign Language Interpreter, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MS Speech Language Pathology, Sign Language Interpreter, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/enhancing-digital-skills-for-the-deaf-in-lahore-a-study-of-training-program-effectiveness https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).54 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Development and Implementation of Vocational Awareness Program for Parents of Children with Special Needs Muhammad Zia Ur Rehman Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal Muhammad Shokat Zaman Parents of Special Children Vocational Awareness Program Special Education Students Special Education The main objective of this study was to develop and implement a vocational awareness program targeting parents of children with special needs. The study employed a descriptive quantitative survey methodology, with a sample of 21 parents (12 male and 9 female. A self-structured questionnaire was used to gather data from parents, with 21 questionnaires administered before and after the program's implementation. The study used SPSS version 25 for statistical analysis. The findings showed a significant increase in parental awareness about their child's impairment and the educational resources available to accommodate their child's specific needs. The study recommends the program be conducted in all special education schools to educate parents about their child's disabilities and the opportunities and facilities offered by these institutions. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Special Education, Department of Education, Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakaria University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Educational Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/development-and-implementation-of-vocational-awareness-program-for-parents-of-children-with-special-needs https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).55 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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University Teachers and Moonlighting Payments in Northern Pakistan Noor Jehan Fahim Nawaz Generalized Linear Modeling Moonlighting Wage OLS University Teachers There are studies on moonlighting, but literature on moonlighting wages and its determinants is scarce. To know the factors that influence the secondary job payments in government higher education institutions, I took a sample from all the public sector universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan in multi-stages with a total of 656 teachers. I have collected data from all 656 teachers and separated the sample who was undertaking second jobs or jobs. The activity of keeping a second job is mostly hidden which could only be revealed in an anonymous survey. The model was estimated in ordinary least square linear modelling. However, after solving many specification and BLUE requirements, certain linearity and normality issues could not be resolved, so generalized linear modelling was applied. Results reveal that location, age, hours of work at the second job, and job grades affect secondary job payment significantly. The study suggests cross-occupation studies in continuation of this research. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/university-teachers-and-moonlighting-payments-in-northern-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).56 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of ICT Proficiency on Teachers' Work Performance in Distance Learning Syed Alamdar Hasnain Naqvi Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Information and Communication Technology Proficiency Distance Learning Work Performance Digital Literacy This study investigated the impact of Information and Communication Technology Proficiency (ICT-P) on teachers' work performance (WP) within distance learning contexts. Employing a quantitative design, a cross-sectional survey was administered to assess the ICT-P and WP of teachers working in distance learning institutes; Virtual University and Allama Iqbal Open University. Using stratified sampling, data was collected from 237 teachers through two online self-administered questionnaires, involving ICT-P and WP. Both questionnaires consist of a 6-point semantic differential scale. The ICT-P was framed around the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) model of digital literacy, examining constructs such as the use of ICT-P based devices, digital applications, software, services, and digital proficiency. The WP construct, sourced from an extensive literature review, is divided into seven primary areas. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation, and regression techniques. The research found an affirmative impact of ICT Proficiency on teachers’ work performance. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of EPPSL, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor. Department of EPPSL, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-ict-proficiency-on-teachers-work-performance-in-distance-learning https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).57 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Fostering Critical Thinking in Pakistani Secondary School Science: A Teacher's Viewpoint Muhammad Jamil Aisha Mahmood Sajid Masood Critical Thinking Science Education Teaching Methods Pakistan Secondary School This qualitative narrative study explored a science teacher’s perceptions and lived experiences regarding developing critical thinking skills among secondary school students in Pakistan. An in-depth interview was conducted with a 45-year-old physics teacher with 18 years of teaching experience. The findings revealed that although the teacher recognized the importance of developing Critical Thinking (CT) skills for quality education and lifelong learning, the current teaching practices and examination system focused more on rote learning and passing exams. The teacher suggested using questioning techniques, relating concepts to daily life examples, group work, and hands-on practical activities to promote CT skills. However, large class sizes, lack of training, and pressure to produce good exam results were barriers. The study recommends revamping the exam system to assess CT skills, providing quality teacher training, and creating a supportive school environment. The findings contribute to understanding grassroots-level issues in developing CT skills in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, Govt College Women University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/fostering-critical-thinking-in-pakistani-secondary-school-science-a-teachers-viewpoint https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).58 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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The Road to Doctoral Success: A Model for High-Quality PhD Supervision in Education Sajid Masood Fareeha Khawaja Yasira Waqar PhD Supervision Doctoral Education Education Mentoring Graduate School This paper explores effective PhD supervision pedagogies in Education through qualitative interviews with 5 current doctoral students and 3 faculty supervisors in Pakistan. The findings reveal key best practices including dual supervision in theory and methodology, regular student-supervisor meetings, collaborative publishing and conference participation, multifaceted written and verbal feedback, and an open supervisory relationship balancing mentorship with professionalism. These experientially derived insights contribute localized empirical guidance on optimizing Education PhD training, affirming, and extending established models. The paper argues that supervised implementation of these contextualized practices can enrich mentoring relationships and outcomes. It concludes with implications for reforming supervision policies, supervisory self-auditing, and student self-advocacy. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Graduate, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Syed Ahsan Ali and Syed Marti Ali School of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-road-to-doctoral-success-a-model-for-highquality-phd-supervision-in-education https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).59 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effectiveness of Teaching Practices of Teaching English: A Comparison of Public and Private Schools Faisalabad Districts Sumera Rashid Noreen Akhtar ELT Classroom Management Teacher-student Ratio Resources and Technology Professional Development This article explores the effectiveness of teaching practices in English instruction in Faisalabad District, comparing the approaches employed by public and private schools. The study adopts a comparative research design to analyze the teaching practices in English instruction between 10 public and 10 private schools. A stratified sampling technique is used to ensure representation from 10 public schools’ English teachers and 10 private schools’ English teachers. The results can guide efforts to improve teaching practices, allocate resources effectively, and enhance the overall quality of English education in private and public schools. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts to bridge the gap, ensuring equitable access to high-quality English education for all students in the region. Policymakers should address the high fees charged by private schools, which can exclude many students from low-income families. This could involve providing scholarships or implementing policies to make private schools more accessible. Humanity Publications Secondary School Teacher (SST), Government MC Girls High School People's Colony No 1 Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Headmistress, Govt Girls High School, QADIR Baux Tehsil Kamalia, Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effectiveness-of-teaching-practices-of-teaching-english-a-comparison-of-public-and-private-schools-faisalabad-districts https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).60 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Enhancing the Performance of Students in Mathematics: Emphasis on Marzano's New Taxonomy Haleema Bano Shaista Irshad Khan Shawana Fazal Mathematics Marzano’s New Taxonomy of Learning Quasi-Experimental Study Student Performance This experimental study investigated the effect of an intervention based on Marzano’s New Taxonomy of Learning Objectives on academic achievement in mathematics among seventh-grade students by employing the Solomon Four-Group Design. A public sector girls’ school in the Haripur district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan, was purposively selected, including 247 seventh-grade students. Four groups were randomly chosen, totaling 200 students for the study sample. The intervention incorporated the self-system and metacognitive systems of thinking outlined in Marzano’s New Taxonomy of Learning Objectives. The research instrument comprised sixty multiple-choice questions from the Grade VII mathematics textbook. A t-test was employed to compare pre-test scores and to analyze both dependent and independent samples from the pre-and post-tests. The intervention significantly improved the academic achievement of seventh-grade students in mathematics in three months. The findings of this study imply that integrating Marzano's New Taxonomy into mathematics instruction can serve as an effective pedagogical strategy to enhance students' academic achievement and promote deeper cognitive engagement in learning. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, The University of Haripur, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. 2023-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/enhancing-the-performance-of-students-in-mathematics-emphasis-on-marzanos-new-taxonomy https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-II).61 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Fostering 21st Century Skills Development in Specially- Abled Learners: Teachers' Strategies and Approaches Gouhar Pirzada 1t Century Skills Specially-abled Students Strategies Approaches Teachers This study examines how to equip specially-abled learners with the 21st-century skills needed to thrive in today's rapidly changing technological landscape. Guided by four objectives, it explores the impact of technology on student participation, teaching strategies to improve interpersonal, problem-solving and critical thinking skills independent of technology, learning resources like creativity and cooperation to develop 21st-century abilities, and professional development for instructors on promoting teaching skills beyond technological competence. The goal is to enable students of all abilities to reach their full potential through inclusive education that goes beyond mere technological aptitude. This transformative research points the way toward successfully equipping learners with special needs with the skills required to prosper in our globally connected, fast-paced society. Humanity Publications Chairperson, STEP Skills Development Foundation, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/fostering-21st-century-skills-development-in-specially-abled-learners-teachers-strategies-and-approaches https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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DMAIC Analysis of Educational Institutes in Pakistan Amir Ullah Rehman Akhtar Reliability analysis regression analysis hypothesis testing before and after implementation of Six Sigma Pakistan is growing interest in implementing DMAIC in educational institutions to promote both quality and effectiveness. To teach learners about Six Sigma, the education sector is extremely important. Educational institutes don't want to adopt new technologies teaching methods or assessment strategies and fear of the unknown can make people resistant to trying something new or different they did not use proper training for the students and teachers thus, they didn't have any idea regarding the Six Sigma project, hence management wind up the training. Six Sigma and the education sector now have gaps in innovative learning styles, quality management, novel classroom learning methods, and effective teacher behaviour. A popular method of quality improvement Six Sigma is to be applied in a study using the DMAIC (define, measure, analyze, implement and control) criteria. Humanity Publications Industrial Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Industrial Engineering Department, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/dmaic-analysis-of-educational-institutes-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Identification of Problems Faced By School Teachers due to Extra Duties Gul Muhammad Shaikh Khawaja Hisham-Ul-Hassan Khaliq Hussain roblems Teachers Extra Duties Questionnaire Teachers play a crucial role in society by providing knowledge and guidance to future generations. In Pakistan, teachers often face extra responsibilities such as election, polio vaccination, and administrative tasks, which negatively impact their students' academic performance. This research investigates the impact of extra duties on teaching practices in Tehsil Chak Jhumra, Faisalabad. A descriptive survey method was used, with 130 teachers from government secondary and higher secondary schools selected through cluster sampling. Teachers' challenges were identified using a questionnaire, with validity confirmed by expert opinions and reliability tested through pilot trials using SPSS. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 22. The study's obtained data was analysed utilising statistical tools such as frequency, average, mean, and standard deviation. The study suggested that teachers should only participate in additional responsibilities that are fairly compensated and align with their interests to ensure that their educational effectiveness remains unaffected. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor & Director, Department of Management Sciences, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Riphah University Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/identification-of-problems-faced-by-school-teachers-due-to-extra-duties https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Lexical Analysis; A study of Essays at Secondary Level of Grade 8th Mahnoor Ahmad Sumaira Rauf Sayeda Faryal Lexical Analysis Essays Students The study was carried out to identify the words used by students in their essay writing at the Secondary level. The following study has carried out Lexical analysis in student's essays and aimed to find out lexical differences between the essays of government and private school students.To collect data, a quantitative method was used. Two schools were selected and thirty essays were collected from the students of the eighth class. The study showed that the students have used nouns more frequently both by government and private school students. The students of government are short of vocabulary as they rely on memorization. While private school students use appropriate words in their essays and have a rich vocabulary. The researcher recommends that the teacher should assess the students in terms of their creativity, the teacher should encourage the students towards creative writing, and develop their vocabulary. Humanity Publications M.phil Scholar, Department of English, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. M.phil Scholar, Department of English, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. M.phil Scholar, Department of English, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/lexical-analysis-a-study-of-essays-at-secondary-level-of-grade-8th https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Comparative Study: Learning Environment of Pakistani Public and Private Secondary Schools Tahira Batool Tahira Kalsoom Umm e Habiba Learning Environment Physical Psychological Secondary Schools The objective of the study was to investigate the learning environment of public and private schools at secondary level. five public and five private secondary schools were the sample of this stusy in Lahore district. In addition, 100 male and female students of public and private schools was the sample of this research. The data was collected through self-developed instrument by the researcher. Major findings of the research were that students of public schools were more motivated toward studies as compared to students of private schools. In addition, public school teachers created the friendly learning environment as compared to private school teachers. Moreover, learning environment of private schools was free from noise and threats than public school. Furthermore, students of private school are satisfied from the teaching methodology as compared to the students of govt. schools. Finally, treatment of private schools teachers with the students is biased in the class rooms. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department STEM Education, College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department STEM Education, College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Government Girls Elementary School, Nawab Pura, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/comparative-study-learning-environment-of-pakistani-public-and-private-secondary-schools https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Braille Reading Proficiency on the Academic Achievement of Students with Visual Impairment at the Secondary Level Khaliq Hussain Farhana Akmal Maqsood Ahmad Braille Braille Reading Ability Academic Achievement Students with Visual Impairment The defect or damage to vision denotes the visual impairment. The sight loss brings higher challenges to be faced by students with visual impairment, especially in the field of education. Visual impairment highly reduces the reading capability of the students. The reading competence of blind students from the print material is almost vanished. The Braille device is used to provide embossed content for reading to blind students which helps to improve their learning. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of reading proficiency on the academic achievement of students with visual impairment at the secondary level. All the students with visual impairment were the population of the study. A sample of 40 students with visual impairment (Grade IX=20, Grade X=20) was selected to collect the data for the study. A simple random sampling technique was applied to select the study sample from Govt. Special Education Schools of district Faisalabad. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Riphah International University, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecture, Department of Education, Superior University, City Campus Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, City Campus Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-braille-reading-proficiency-on-the-academic-achievement-of-students-with-visual-impairment-at-the-secondary-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Exploring Students' Perception About the Quality of Teaching at the University Level Muhammad Tahir Khan Farooqi Uzma Rashid Muhammad Javid Quality Teaching Students’ Perception Learning Environment. Teaching Aids Classroom Management The present study was conducted to explore the students' perception regarding the effectiveness of teaching quality at the university level. The study was descriptive in nature and a convenience sampling technique was applied to collect data using a self–developed questionnaire from 686 students of the University of Okara. The collected data was analyzed by applying SPSS software for descriptive and inferential statistics. To compare the students’ views regarding quality of teaching a t-test and ANOVA was applied. The findings of the study explored that the overall teaching quality of faculty was above average. Male and female students shared, similar perceptions on factors like pedagogical skills, managerial competencies, supportive learning environment, teachers’ support, and feedback). However, a significant difference exists between male and female respondents regarding the availability of resources. The researcher recommended that the indicators of quality teaching be focused through training, seminars, and conferences to improve these parameters. Humanity Publications Associate Professor, Department of Educational Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Educational Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Educational Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-students-perception-about-the-quality-of-teaching-at-the-university-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-IV).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Education in Flux: Examining Student Learning through the Lens of Digital Media in the Covid-19 Era Ayesha Farhan Robina Saeed Muhammad Ashfaq Digital Media Online Education Covid-19 Quantitative Analysis Educational Strategies This research explores the impact of digital media on students' educational lives, and how digital media contributed to improving the students' lives during the COVID-19 phase. The study employs the quantitative approach with the usage of a survey method based on the questionnaire that was distributed among 100 students from Karachi, Pakistan aged 22-30 onwards who studied during the pandemic period and took online classes. It investigates how digital technology transformed the meaning of teaching and studying during the COVID lockdown. The findings have implications for the educational strategies for future students for a flexible and healthy study environment. The statistical tests explored that digital media significantly contributed to improving students' learning with the gender and university sector-related variations. The discussion concluded that studying flexibility and skills enhancement were interconnected with digital learning. It is clear that it was an effective and great tool that reshaped education during COVID. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Mass Communication & Media Studies, Greenwich University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, School of Media and Communication Studies, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, Bahria University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/education-in-flux-examining-student-learning-through-the-lens-of-digital-media-in-the-covid19-era https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-IV).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Development of Students' Leadership at University Level: Perceptions and Perspective Naheed Anjum Tahira Kalsoom Tahira Batool 1t Century Skills Specially-abled Students Strategies Approaches Teachers The study examines student leadership, its importance, and the various factors involved in cultivating and growing student leaders. Effective student leadership fosters a sense of belonging, raises engagement levels, and enables people to take an active role in their education. Student leaders need to encourage, support, and work towards addressing societal issues like poverty, healthcare, and environmental sustainability. Student leaders collaborate with local and national civil society organizations working on anti-corruption initiatives. There is a growing curiosity about student leadership`s effects on learners, educational institutions, and society as a whole. The design of the quantitative investigation was created. The study's population consisted of all public and private universities in Lahore that have been accredited by HEC. The method of stratified sampling was applied. A public institution and a private university were chosen. A total of 100 students from public and 100 from private universities were taken into consideration. 200 students made up the sample in total. The results suggest certain aspects of leadership emphasizing the significance of the university environment including educational and co-curricular activities. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/development-of-students-leadership-at-university-level-perceptions-and-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-IV).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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Situational Leadership and School Improvement: A Correlational Analysis Shahid Alam Awan Saira Nudra Educational Leadership Teacher Effectiveness Organizational Change Educational Reforms The primary aim of this study was to investigate how situational leadership impacts school improvement in secondary-level education within Islamabad. The research sought to assess the relationship between situational leadership and advancements in secondary schools. To achieve these goals, a quantitative methodology was utilized, involving the administration of questionnaires to gather data on leadership and school improvement. Islamabad Capital Territory is reported to have 250 public secondary schools by the Federal Directorate of Education, while the Private Educational Institutions Regulatory Authority Islamabad indicates 354 secondary schools. The study's target population encompassed 604 principals and 7023 teachers from secondary schools across Islamabad. School selection employed convenient sampling based on specific inclusion criteria, with purposive sampling utilized for data collection. Two schools were chosen to represent situational leadership styles, and the sample included both principals and teachers. Humanity Publications PhD, Department of Educational Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad. Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2023-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/situational-leadership-and-school-improvement-a-correlational-analysis https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2023(VIII-IV).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 8, Issue 4 Pakistan

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The Effects of Metacognitive Strategies on Reading Comprehension of ESL Students Sana Mahmood Qureshi Hashmi Language Metacognition Metacognitive strategies Reading comprehension ESL In Pakistan, English holds prestige as an official language. Being the language of instruction, reading comprehension of the English language is crucial in the development of critical thinking and equips learners to understand complex content. In this regard, metacognition can help the learner by understanding their thinking and improving their learning processes. Many studies show that by applying metacognitive strategies, students can develop their critical reading skills to comprehend advanced reading material. However, without correct application and understanding of the process, teachers and students remain in want of achieving results. This article explores the development of reading comprehension of ESL students by implementing meta-cognitive strategies in the students of the M.A. English programme. The aim is to explore the relation between metacognitive strategies (planning, monitoring and evaluating) and reading comprehension, and how metacognitive awareness has a direct impact on reading comprehension of ESL students. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of English, National University of Modern Languages, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-effects-of-metacognitive-strategies-on-reading-comprehension-of-esl-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Development of Critical Thinking Skills among Secondary School Science Students: An Analysis of Chemistry Textbook Grade IX (2020) Muhammad Jamil Wahid Mehmood Faiz ul Hassan Shah Critical Thinking Chemistry Textbook Qualitative Content Analysis Nvivo 12 This study focuses on a Chemistry textbook for grade IX to determine how effective it is at fostering critical thinking skills in students. The researchers did a qualitative content analysis using NVivo 12 software, and they picked the textbook with purposive sampling. It was found that the textbook does a good job of promoting critical thinking through different strategies. It encourages inquiry and questioning, relates abstract concepts to real-life applications, prompts students to compare and contrast ideas, promotes problem-solving, talks about the history behind scientific concepts, and addresses misconceptions. At the end of every topic are "Test Yourself" sections that ask thought provoking questions meant to challenge students' analytical thinking. Relating chemical concepts to real-world situations fosters critical thinking by connecting abstract with concrete knowledge. Lastly, there are lots of examples and problems for students to work through which helps them apply what they know while developing problem-solving abilities too. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education Government College Women University Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. Ph.D Scholar, Department of Education, Northern University Nowshera, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Mir Chakar Khan Rind University, Sibi, Baluchistan, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/development-of-critical-thinking-skills-among-secondary-school-science-students-an-analysis-of-chemistry-textbook-grade-ix-2020 https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Status of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in Higher Secondary Schools of the Province of Sindh in Pakistan Aisha Jiskani Subhash Guriro Sara Fayyaz Sustainable Development ESD Public Schools Quality Education Educational Environment Education for sustainable development (ESD) aims to educate the learners to make informed decisions and responsible actions for climate change, economic sustainability, and a peaceful society. This study aims to check the status of ESD in the higher secondary schools of Sindh province in Pakistan. This qualitative study was conducted in the selected public sector schools of two districts of the province during the period of July 2022 to December 2022. This study revealed that the status of ESD in public higher secondary schools of Sindh province is not satisfactory and schools are not providing adequate knowledge and information to students about core concepts of sustainable development. The outcomes of the study indicate the unavailability of ESD content in the syllabus, a lack of awareness of proper pedagogies among teachers and an inadequate learning environment. This study recommends introducing ESD concepts in the school syllabus and training the teachers in higher secondary schools. Humanity Publications MS Scholar, Department of Education, Sindh Madressatul Islam University Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Chairperson, Department of Social and Development Studies, Sindh Madressatul Islam University Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Education, Sindh Madressatul Islam University Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/status-of-education-for-sustainable-development-esd-in-higher-secondary-schools-of-the-province-of-sindh-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Relationship of Teachers' Academic Guidance Competence and Students' Satisfaction at Secondary School Level Afia Parveen Muhammad Idris Samreen Mehmood Guidance Competence Students' Satisfaction Secondary Level Science Discipline This study focused on the association between teachers' academic guidance competence and students' satisfaction at the secondary school level in district Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Teachers and students at government secondary schools provided data, and a quantitative survey, more precisely a survey-type research design was used. Based on the stratum-wise distribution of schools, stratified random sampling was used applying Krejesic and Morgan's table to calculate the sample size. In district Mardan, both urban and rural teachers and students from government secondary schools made up the study's population. A self-created questionnaire with a five-option Likert scale was used to collect the data. Supervisor feedback was utilized to guarantee face validity, and a pilot study was carried out to confirm reliability. Students' academic satisfaction, teachers' guidance competence, and the relationship between the two variables were examined by independent sample t-tests using SPSS V-22. In light of the importance of teacher-student interactions in secondary education, the study finds that excellent academic mentoring correlates to better levels of student satisfaction. Humanity Publications M. Phil Scholar Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/relationship-of-teachers-academic-guidance-competence-and-students-satisfaction-at-secondary-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Exploring Promotion-Linked Training Impact on the Professional Development of Educational Managers in Punjab Muhammad Abbas Muhammad Sarwar Raza Ur Rehman Promotion-linked Training Professional Development Educational Managers Punjab This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of in-service professional development training provided by the Quaid-e Azam Academy for Educational Development (QAED) to 53 educational managers in Punjab, Pakistan. A qualitative feedback design was utilized to gather participants' perspectives on the most and least valuable training content, relevance to professional needs, suggested modifications, effective methodologies, and overall impressions. Data were collected through an open-ended post-training questionnaire and analyzed thematically. Findings revealed the training was well-aligned to develop financial, managerial, and IT skills but needed more practical application. Being peer-learning enabled with expansion of hands-on simulation task as budgeting and audit was suggested. The class timelines and redistributing sessions were suggested to be reduced. Activity based methods were focused on like group discussions, presentations, and hands on practice considered effective by most of the participants. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Dean, Faculty of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-promotionlinked-training-impact-on-the-professional-development-of-educational-managers-in-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Effect of Teachers' Work-Related Burnout on Emotional Empathy at the Higher Education Level Iqra Jamshed Almas Shoaib Teachers Work-related Burnout Emotional Exhaustion Personal Accomplishment Depersonalization Workload Emotional Empathy. Teachers’ burnout is a contributing factor to many teachers leaving the field of education early in their careers and emotional empathy is also related to teachers’ burnout. The factors of emotional empathy are interpersonal emotional empathy and intrapersonal emotional empathy. The objectives of the study were to examine teachers’ work-related burnout and emotional empathy at higher education levels and to investigate the effect of teachers’ work-related burnout on emotional empathy at higher education levels. The research design is based on causal-comparative. The population of the study includes teachers’ of social sciences and humanities from different public and private universities in Lahore. 100 teachers were selected by using a multi-stage sampling method. Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Toronto Empathy Questionnaire were used to conduct the study. The results show that teachers’ work-related burnout hurts teachers’ emotional empathy. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar (Education Leadership and Management), Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effect-of-teachers-workrelated-burnout-on-emotional-empathy-at-the-higher-education-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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A Comparison of Conflict Management Strategies Used by Heads of Educational Institutions in Punjab Muhammad Nadeem Shahzad Muhammad Tahir Khan Farooqi Waqar Ali Conflict Management Style; Institutional Heads; Resolving The goal of the present paper was to explore the conflict management strategies used by institutional heads in Punjab. A sample of 144 from heads of schools, principals of colleges, and heads of departments of universities was drawn using a convenient sampling technique. An instrument, the Farooqi Organizational Conflict Inventory (FOCI) used for data collection. SPSS 26 was used for data analysis. The results reported that institutional heads employ avoiding and integrating styles of managing conflicts. Furthermore, no difference in the conflict management styles employed by institutional heads based on their gender, qualification, and experience was found except for the administrative background. It was recommended that research be carried out to explore how conflict management strategies of institutional heads affect teachers’ performance. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor Department of Education, Government Graduate College Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-comparison-of-conflict-management-strategies-used-by-heads-of-educational-institutions-in-punjab https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Descriptive Study of Transformational Leadership Influence on Professional Development of Teachers at Higher Education Level Nayyar Sultana Aleena Chaudhry Hina Shaukat Transformational Professional Inspiration Empowered The descriptive research study examined the impact of transformational leadership on university teachers' professional development. My study set out to evaluate the impact of transformational leadership on university-level teacher professional development. The aim of the research was to ascertain the impact of transformational leadership on the professional development of university teachers. This change in self-interest raises the ideals, maturity, and concern for the goal of the follower. This is an essential part of the Full Range Leadership Model. Transformational leadership has been suggested by researchers as a crucial component of a teacher's effectiveness. The researcher used a quantitative research design with the target population of 30 teachers of the psychology department of NUML University Islamabad. The sample size for the target population was 20 teachers. The delimitation of the study was teachers of the psychology department evening shift at NUML University Islamabad. The researcher developed a questionnaire and used a manual percentage formula for the research findings. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan . 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/descriptive-study-of-transformational-leadership-influence-on-professional-development-of-teachers-at-higher-education-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Impact of Assessment Procedure on Students' Learning in Semester System Sonia Javed Huma Islam Shafqat Rasool Assessment Students' Learning Semester System Effectiveness This study aims to explore the attitudes of undergraduate students majoring in social sciences at the University of Sargodha towards assessment for learning. It recognizes the substantial impact that assessment methods have on students' study habits and academic performance. A cohort of 50 students from the Education and Psychology departments at the B.S. 8th level were involved in the research. The study investigated motivation and psychological factors associated with classroom management approaches using a self-designed questionnaire that required participants to provide binary (Yes or No) replies. Using SPSS version 20 for analysis, the findings demonstrated the significant influence of evaluation on learning outcomes. Significantly, there were no discernible gender-based disparities in students' perspectives on motivation and psychology. The study suggests that it is important to allocate sufficient time for teachers to engage in class planning, prepare lectures, evaluate students, and provide feedback. This will help improve the entire learning experience. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-assessment-procedure-on-students-learning-in-semester-system- https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Learning Style Preferences of Undergraduate Female Students in Public Colleges Nighat Ara Qammar Sajjad Nusrat Ali Learning styles Visual Auditory Kinesthetic The purpose of this quantitative study was to assess the learning styles and preferences of undergraduate students at female colleges. A sample of 252 female undergraduate students enrolled in B. Ed programs were selected as sample. An adapted questionnaire based on VARK theory was used comprising three factors (visual, auditory, and kinesthetic) of learning styles. The instrument consisted of 24 items based on 5-point Likert scale. Chronbach’s alpha reliability statistic was 0.85. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS. The results revealed that visual learning style is a more prevalent learning style among female students. The results also revealed that there is no difference in students' learning styles and time spent on study. It is recommended that students have diverse learning preferences and styles. The teachers may design instructional activities and materials that accommodate various modalities such as visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, Government Islamia Graduate College for Women, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Deputy Director, Department of Information Technology, Punjab Examination Commission, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Teacher Education, Federal Urdu University of Arts Science and Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/learning-style-preferences-of-undergraduate-female-students-in-public-colleges https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Challenges Faced by Beginner Instructors and their Influence on Job Performance at University Level Quarttulain Shabbier lubna Shoukat Novice Teachers Professional Performance Challenges Conducive Environment This study deals with the challenges of novice teachers and their impact on professional performance. Moreover, novice instructors are those who are starting their careers and are in the learning stage. Furthermore, they have less than five years of experience and they face both internal and external challenges that have an impact on job performance. The population of the study comprises all novice teachers of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur. The sample of the study consisted of 210 novice teachers randomly selected from the population. Data was collected through a questionnaire and collected data was organized and interpreted as mean score, frequency score, and percentage. The main recommendation of the study was the supportive behavior of senior teachers and an encouraging job environment helpful in novice teachers' job performance. Humanity Publications Ph.D. scholar, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/challenges-faced-by-beginner-instructors-and-their-influence-on-job-performance-at-university-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Factors Influencing the Slow Rate of Postgraduate Degree Completion: A Case of University of Peshawar, Pakistan Maryam Begum Parveen Khan Sabeeh Ullah Contributing Factors Completion Rate Postgraduate Students IER Pakistan The study examines the factors that contribute to the slow rate of postgraduate degree completion at the University of Peshawar-Pakistan. For this purpose, the perspectives of 52 students, both male and female at different postgraduate levels were gathered using a survey questionnaire. The findings reveal that personal factors, such as untimely correction submissions, research topic selection problems, and funding constraints significantly contribute to the slow rate of postgraduate degree completion. Additionally, the student-supervisor relationship and institutional factors including bureaucratic processes, communication gaps, and complicated evaluation processes play crucial roles in the delay. Our study recommends that research competencies, secure financial resources, and flexible study models should be enhanced for the students. Moreover, supervisors are urged to refine their supervision skills, while the institute should create a supportive research environment and reconsider outdated evaluation processes. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Institute of Business and Management Sciences, the University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/factors-influencing-the-slow-rate-of-postgraduate-degree-completion-a-case-of-university-of-peshawar-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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To Explore the Practice of Translingual Pedagogies for Second Language Teaching in Multilingual Classrooms: Students' Perspective Shabana Zafar Amna Murad Zakia Mushtaq Translanguaging Multilingualism English Language Teaching Medium of Instruction In a multilingual classroom where students have diverse linguistic backgrounds, teaching in the English language is very challenging, especially when the medium of instruction is English or a second language. There are a number of research studies focused on this linguistic issue. One of the emerging strategies to deal with multilingual students is translanguaging where students can build their own repertoire of language to make and build meaning. This study will focus on the student’s perspective about translingual pedagogy. The questionnaire will be used to investigate if the students were given the chances of translingual strategies, and effective they thought those strategies were. The observations will help to get the data from another angle. The results provide the data that students are mostly in favor of the translingual strategies yet they are not provided much chance to use the native language. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Linguistics and Communications, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Linguistics and Communications, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Linguistics and Communications, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/to-explore-the-practice-of-translingual-pedagogies-for-second-language-teaching-in-multilingual-classrooms-students-perspective https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Measuring Secondary School Teachers’ Competency in the Subject of English Muhammad Arshad Muhammad Amir Syed Waseem Ul Haq Naqvi Teachers’ Competency Curriculum Knowledge Self-Structured English Language This study examines the qualifications of secondary school English teachers in South Punjab, Pakistan. It emphasizes the central role of teachers in education, emphasizing that their effectiveness is linked to their knowledge, skills, and attitude awareness. Competency standards are divided into academic skills, professional skills, and personal skills. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale, and observations, which ensured reliability. The sample consisted of 3600 high school students, equally distributed across gender and urban/rural areas. Results showed that although the teachers are competent in many areas, they lack the knowledge to teach the vocabulary components, oral communication with correct pronunciation and intonation, and assessment of student work. In addition, teachers strive to provide quality care to students. Studies have recommended needs-based training for teachers to address these weaknesses. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, National College of Business Administration and Economics , Sub-Campus Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur , Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, National College of Business Administration & Economics Bahawalpur Campus, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/measuring-secondary-school-teachers-competency-in-the-subject-of-english https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Navigating News Consumption on Social Media: Exploring the Impact of Demographics on Digital Literacy Ayesha Kiran Muhammad Yousaf Zahid Yousaf Digital literacy professionals students social media news consumption This study intends to evaluate the impact of demographic variables on digital literacy. A cross-sectional research design was employed to explore impact of demographic variables on digital literacy. Data from respondents was collected through survey method. The researchers used purposive sampling to select media professionals who met specific criteria, as well as convenience sampling to select students who were easily accessible. We chose 200 participants, consisting of 100 individuals from the media industry and an equal number of students. The results indicated that there were notable disparities in digital literacy based on age and level of education. Younger individuals with higher levels of education demonstrated greater proficiency in digital literacy. The study emphasizes critical role of digital literacy in media consumption and need for targeted educational interventions to address digital literacy deficiencies. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Centre for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Centre for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor (Dean), Centre for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/navigating-news-consumption-on-social-media-exploring-the-impact-of-demographics-on-digital-literacy https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Culture of Silence: Exploring the Workplace Harassment and Coping Strategies of Female Academics in Higher Education of Pakistan Mahnoor Alvi Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry Culture of Silence Verbal Harassment Verbal Harassment Loud and Disgust Honor-Izzat The phrase "culture of silence" refers to "the culture that silences women by not consenting to a lifestyle that is not talked about or talked about", so this sentence means "by accepting a lifestyle compatible with women". Pakistani women also have such good relationships all over the world, especially in the workplace, regardless of sexual violence because there are many reasons for respect for the family that affects women's leadership in other ways, so women should not be harassed by their colleagues at work. , since it is aimed at students or students or professionals at the educational level, this study is not about teachers who are bullied in schools by their male colleagues, teachers who are bullied in schools or by their students. This study is qualitative in nature and its aim is to determine the scope and impact of bullying and the solutions offered by teachers. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of Anthropology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Assiciate Professor & Chairman, Department of Anthropology Faculty of Social Sciences. PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-03-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/culture-of-silence-exploring-the-workplace-harassment-and-coping-strategies-of-female-academics-in-higher-education-of-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-I).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 1 Pakistan

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Analysis of Contemporary Islamic School System in the Light of Quran and Sunnah Rabia Tabassum Javeria Saad Saira Taj Islamic Education Quranic Teachings Sunnah Imam Ghazali Qualitative Research Ethical Education Holistic Education Pakistan The study aimed to investigate the curricula of the contemporary Islamic school system in the light of the Quran and Sunnah. The research was designed in a qualitative paradigm so that an in-depth vision of the study concepts can be obtained. This was a triangulation study which included document analysis, observations, and interviews. A comprehensive exploration of the integration of religious and secular knowledge in Islamic education. The primary focus of the study was on character development and ethicaleducation. After an in-depth analysis of the qualitative data, key themes and subthemes have emerged. It was recommended that a balanced approach to the integration of Islamic and secular knowledge should be adopted in Islamic schooling. Further, a need for continuous reflective practices is also required in the process. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of STEM Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of STEM Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of STEM Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/analysis-of-contemporary-islamic-school-system-in-the-light-of-quran-and-sunnah https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Influence of Teachers' Professional Development in Integrated STEAM Pedagogy on Teachers' Practices Feza Mehddi Asma Shahid Kazi Abira Ismat Butt Professional Development Design Thinking STEAM Pedagogy Action Research Integrated STEAM Teacher Agency The study explored the influence of teachers' professional development (PD) on teachers' practices. The professional development training focused on integrated STEAM pedagogy,design thinking, and inquiry-based learning spanning three cycles of four weeks. Seven teachers from two schools for the underprivileged were a part of this qualitative action research study. A semi-structured interview protocol was used for data collection in three rounds of focus group interviews. Results from the thematic analysis report that the professional development helped enhance creativity, critical thinking, and innovation among the teachers. They gained a deeper understanding of the integration of STEAM pedagogy in their lessons. It also helped them empathize with the context of what is being taught themselves and foster it in their students too. They also reported higher levels of interest in active learning, confidence, and teacher agency, reflecting that the professional development training had a positive impact on teachers' practices. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Elementary & Teacher Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Elementary & Teacher Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Elementary & Teacher Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/influence-of-teachers-professional-development-in-integrated-steam-pedagogy-on-teachers-practices https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Navigating Educational Leadership: Insights into the Effective Practices in Pakistani Schools Rabia Ghaffar Nargis Sultana Shafqat Ali Effectiveness Educational Leadership Behavior School Heads Teachers’ Perspective Today, educational leadership is extensively investigated, with an focus on the most common styles. The scale of effective educational leadership behavior depicts a visionary, proactive, knowledgeable, and change-agent leader in an academic setting. The current studyn investigates school teachers' perspectives on the effectiveness of their principal's leadership behavior in the school Education department in Punjab. It also examines the extent of disparity in the perception of participants due to gender and sector. The results indicated that these factors play a significant role in how teachers perceive the effectiveness of the educational behavior of head teachers. The head teachers were found to have effective educational leadership behavior as described by their relevant school teachers. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Govt Graduate College for Women Wahdat Colony, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, Govt Associate College for Women Sukheki Mandi, Hafiz Abad, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/navigating-educational-leadership-insights-into-the-effective-practices-in-pakistani-schools https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Comparative Study of Legal Framework in Educational Counselling in Finland and Pakistan Shabnam Mirza Shahid Rizwan Baig Pakistan Finland Education Standard Counselling Examining the efficacious educational counseling regulations in Pakistan and Finland for appropriate secondary student assistance was the primary goal of the study. The adoption of appropriate counseling activities as the primary academic curriculum in our schools and colleges is necessary due to the expansion of technology- skilled-based practices. To create rules and policies for educational institutions that will ensure high-quality instruction and aworkforce of productive kids, it is necessary to review the regulatory bodies that oversee education. It is still not clear if counseling in educational institutions is allowed under the current legal framework. It is possible to use some laws or acts on educational counseling that are in place throughout the world (such as Finland) as model legislation for similar acts that would be proposed for our own national education policy. Humanity Publications Advocate, High Court, Pakistan. Assistant professor, Department of Law, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-comparative-study-of-legal-framework-in-educational-counselling-in-finland-and-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Effects of Social Education on Students Performance at Stage of Secondary Standard in District Mianwali: A Quantitative Analysis Study Shazia Bibi Syeda Zunaira Fatima Abida Parveen Social Education (SE) Students Performance (SP) Secondary School Level (SSL) District Mianwali (DM) Education gives the opportunity to develop their social skills and improve their socio-economic status. (Hendrik, 2019). The research study's goals were to: (1) determine how social education affected pupils; (2) ascertain teachers' attitudes toward social education; and (3) pinpoint the elements that contribute to the social development of students. Moreover, it was descriptive in nature. The target population of the study was all the public sector secondary school teachers of District Mianwali. Simple random sampling technique 4200 teachers of secondary schools were chosen for the population of the research. The simple random technique was used to select the sample; around 200 teachers were selected for the present research. The tool of research was used to collect the data; it was a self- developed tool. The percentage, mean, standard deviation and t-test were among the descriptive and inferential statistics employed by the researcher. Through analysis, it found that the participants are more need to aware of social education. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effects-of-social-education-on-students-performance-at-stage-of-secondary-standard-in-district-mianwali-a-quantitative-analysis-study https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Influence of Six-Week Plyometric and Strength Training on the Performance of Female Sprinters of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur Iqra Quyyoom Sara Ijaz Muhammad Zia Ul Haq Body Composition Female Sprinters Strength Training Plyometric Training Physical Fitness This is a comparative analysis of the female sprinter of the plyometric and strength training groups. Thirty participants (21.17±1.94 years) were selected from the Islamia University of Bahawalpur and divided into two groups. The selected variables were height and weight, skinfolds, girths, lengths, breadths, 30-meter dash, flexibility, agility, 600-meter running, sit-ups, standing long jump, push-ups, and 100-meter sprinter races. Two video cameras for videography with Kinovea software for kinematic analysis. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that six-week strength and plyometric training significantly affected calf skinfold, Ilic-crest skinfold, arm relax and flex girth, hand grip strength, flexibility, left ankle angle at starting position, knee angle at starting position, 30-meter dash, and agility, and 100-meter performance. It was concluded that strength and plyometric training significantly reduces body fat, improving physical fitness. On the other hand, six weeks of plyometric training more significantly improves sprinting performance than strength training. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Department of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/influence-of-sixweek-plyometric-and-strength-training-on-the-performance-of-female-sprinters-of-the-islamia-university-of-bahawalpur https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Leadership Styles and School Performance: A Comparative Analysis of PEELI-Trained and Non-PEELI-Trained Head Teachers Muhammad Arshad Munawar Hussain Zafar Iqbal PEELI ( Punjab Education and English Language Initiative) Leadership Education Management System This study explores the impact of PEELI training on head teachers in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan, focusing on their pivotal role in school performance. A sample of 416 participants, equally divided between trained and untrained head teachers, was selected through random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires and checklists and analyzed using SPSS-11 software. This descriptive study found that PEELI training significantly enhances headteachers'  awareness of children's right to education, barriers to accessing education, and effective resource utilization. Trained head teachers demonstratedbetter practices in using learning aids and maintaining hygienic  school conditions, highlighting the importance of in-service training for educational leaders. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, National College of Business Administration and Economics Sub-Campus Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Campus Coordinator, National College of Business Administration and Economics Sub- Campus, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Sub-Campus, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/leadership-styles-and-school-performance-a-comparative-analysis-of-peelitrained-and-nonpeelitrained-head-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Evaluating the Implementation and Challenges of the Single National Curriculum at the Primary Level in District Jhelum Muhammad Moin Abid Ghafoor Chaudhry Single National Curriculum Pakistan Primary Education Curriculum Implementation Educational Policy District Jhelum A salient policy move in Pakistan emerged with the conception and foundation of the Single National Curriculum (SNC), to standardize the educational content and ensure educational equity in the country. This study aims to look at the implementation of the SNC at the primary level in District Jhelum, focusing on problems that have occurred during this time and the validity of the policy. It adopted a mixed-method study design that used questionnaires and interviews to gather quantitative and qualitative data on resource allocation, teacher training, curriculum acceptance, and involvement of stakeholders. Obstacles to the implementation of the SNC are shown to be resource inadequacy, lack of teacher training, and lack of commitment from stakeholders. The study draws a conclusion for policy change and further research. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Department of Anthropology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University – (PMAS AAUR), Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor/Chairman, Department of Anthropology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University – (PMAS AAUR), Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/evaluating-the-implementation-and-challenges-of-the-single-national-curriculum-at-the-primary-level-in-district-jhelum https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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An In-Depth Exploration of the Empowerment Experiences and Their Impact on Personal Growth of Female Lecturers Beenish Fatima Shamaila Athar Athar Azeem Women Empowerment Gender Equality Empowerment Experiences Personal Growth SDGs Women in Pakistan face numerous challenges because of the rigid patriarchal structure. However, their economic self sufficiency gives them autonomy in different aspects of their life. This study aimed to investigate the empowerment experiences among female lecturers in colleges in the district of Bhakkar, Punjab. Twelve participants were sampled using a purposive sampling technique and were interviewed to share their experiences. The findings were analyzed using the thematic analysis approach. Under two main themes—empowerment experiences and their impact on personal growth—the findings revealed that female lecturers feel empowered in relation to domestic decision-making and control over their salary. However, most of them face limitations in their freedom of movement. Furthermore, their increased level of empowerment has led to improved self-worth and confidence. It is recommended that policymakers devise policies to integrate women into the economic sector to enhance their well-being as well as that of society as a whole. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/an-indepth-exploration-of-the-empowerment-experiences-and-their-impact-on-personal-growth-of-female-lecturers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Development and Validation of an Instrument on Self-Regulation Skills (SRS) at the University Level Muhammad Qasim Ali Qudsia Jabeen Khadija Rafeeq Development and Validation Instrument Self- Regulation Skills University Level This research aimed to develop, validate, and test a questionnaire that university undergraduate students can use to gauge their self-regulation skills (SRS). The researchers developed the questionnaire's items through a review of related literature and then validated them with a panel of specialists, i.e., PhDs. The questionnaire's validity was checked using EFA and quantitative methods. One hundred university students aged seventeen to twenty became part of the study's sample. At first, a 66-item questionnaire was developed using a thematic analysis of the qualitative part. An expert panel verified that the questionnaire was valid regarding its substance. After eliminating duplicates and irrelevant questions, a final questionnaire consisting of 27 items was developed. The four basic constructs of self regulation skills are behavioral regulation, cognitive regulation, emotional regulation, and self-compassion. Researchers employed the tool to gauge university students' ability to self-regulate through four self-regulatory skills constructs. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. MS Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/development-and-validation-of-an-instrument-on-selfregulation-skills-srs-at-the-university-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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A Critical Analysis of the Regulations and Process of Appointment of Vice-Chancellors at Higher Education Institutions in Pakistan Hafiz Quaisar Mahmood Farukh Hafiz Aziz-ur-Rehman Regulations Appointments Vice-chancellors Higher Education Institutions Legislative Framework Eighteenth Amendment In post Eighteenth Amendment era higher education became a provincial subject, limiting the Federal HEC's role to maintaining standards. However, only two provinces have established their Higher Education Commissions with limited power. Various university acts have loopholes regarding appointments of vice- chancellors, leading to some appointments being nullified by higher courts due to procedural non-compliance. The lack of clear rules for higher level appointments negatively impacts lower levels, necessitating a robust legislative framework. It is crucial to appoint permanent vice-chancellors for all vacant positions in Higher Education Institutions. An effective and efficient regulatory and legislative framework for the higher education sector should involve all major stakeholders, including the Federal Government, Provincial Governments, university representatives, the National Finance Commission, and the Council of Common Interest. This collaboration is essential to address the current gaps and improve governance in higher education. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Professor & Director, School of Law, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-critical-analysis-of-the-regulations-and-process-of-appointment-of-vicechancellors-at-higher-education-institutions-in-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Investigating the Effect of Physical Training on Heart Rate Variability in Universit Male Players Hurria Hussein Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Butt Yasmeen Tabassum Heart Rate Variability Ergo Rowing Players Physical Training This study aimed to assess the impact of physical training on heart rate variability (HRV) in male university ergo rowing athletes and middle- and long-distance track and field athletes. Ninety athletes, aged 19 to 25, underwent an intensive 8-week training program. HRV measurements were taken at baseline, after 4 weeks, and at the end of the 8 weeks using a Polar H10 strap. Results showed significant decreases in HRV across all sports: ergo rowing saw a 60% decrease, middle-distance events a 61% decrease, and long-distance events a 75% decrease from pre- to post-intervention. These reductions indicate a high physiological response to intensive exercise, suggesting that structured training positively affects autonomic function and cardiovascular health. The findings highlight the importance of physical training in maintaining autonomic balance and overall cardiovascular health in athletes. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Sports Sciences & Physical Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor & Chairman, Department of Sports Sciences & Physical Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Sports Sciences & Physical Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/investigating-the-effect-of-physical-training-on-heart-rate-variability-in-universit-male-players https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Online Education and its Relevance for Pakistan: A Case Study of Professional Development and Research Institute Pakistan (PDRI) Zahir Shah Alternative Education PDRI (Professional Development and Research Institute) Online Education Hybrid Learning This article debates the need and importance of alternative education by comparing online and on-campus modes of learning. Focusing on the (PDRI) in Pakistan, which was shifted to online education during the pandemic, this research aims to determine the benefits and drawbacks of both methods. This research will further identify the role of AI in modern online education and the problems posed by the alternative methods. For extended access and flexibility in post-COVID Pakistan, e-learning has emerged as an important solution. It, however, comes with difficulties in technological participation barriers and quality assurance challenges. On-campus education offers face-to-face interaction and campus resources. This paper, therefore, argues for future research directions in the pursuit of hybrid models, addressing socio-cultural barriers by building digital literacy toward more inclusive education systems. These insights seek to enlighten stakeholders on how to establish an adaptable and resilient system of education for their digital future. Humanity Publications Professor & Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/online-education-and-its-relevance-for-pakistan-a-case-study-of-professional-development-and-research-institute-pakistan-pdri https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Impact of Leadership Communication on Employee Commitment: A Case Study of Kohat University of Science and Technology Abdul Wahab Abdullah Kanwal Jabeen Leadership Communication Employee Commitment Organizational Success This Study investigates the impact of leadership communication on employee commitment within the organization. The basic objective of this case study was (a) to grasp the impact of leadership communication and its long-term effects, (b) To identify the role of different communication channels,(c) To investigate the moderating effects of contextual factors (e.g., organizational culture, industry dynamics) and (d) To examine the relationship between various dimensions of leadership communication (e.g., clarity, transparency, empathy) and employee commitment. Being a case study of Kohat University of Science and Technology 300 employees have been chosen. Information was gathered through questionnaires using simple random sampling. Three hundred questionnaires were received. Different statistical methods were used, including mean, correlations, coefficients, and regression analysis. Tested the above construct and found that leadership communication has a positive impact on employee commitment. All other communication aspects, including face-to-face, email, and virtual communication, were also positively related to employee commitment. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research (IER), Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Institute of Education and Research (IER), Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, KP, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Institute of Education and Research (IER), Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat, KP, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-leadership-communication-on-employee-commitment-a-case-study-of-kohat-university-of-science-and-technology https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Model Curriculum for Life Skills Based Education (LSBE) for Children with Intellectual Challenges Maidaa Saboor Elahi Abdul Hameed Syeda Seerat Hassan Life Skills-Based Education (LSBE) Intellectual Challenges Inclusive Education Curriculum Development This article presents a comprehensive model curriculum for Life Skills-Based Education (LSBE)  for children with intellectual challenges in Pakistan. The curriculum is developed through a mixed-method approach, including literature reviews, surveys, expert consultations, and focus group discussions. This proposed LSBE curriculum addresses essential life skills such as self-awareness, empathy, coping with emotions, critical thinking, decision-making/problem-solving, and communication. It underscores inclusive, student-centered approaches, making it adaptable to various educational settings. It aligns with global practices and integrates Islamic values. The curriculum aims to enhance the quality of life and foster the holistic development of children with intellectual challenges, promoting independence and inclusivity. It provides practical guidelines for educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers, serving as a crucial tool for advancing educational equity and improving life outcomes for children with intellectual challenges in diverse regional contexts. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar (Special Education) & Research Associate, Inclusive Education Development Centre (IDC), Lahore, Punjab Pakistan. PhD, Inclusive Education Development Center · Center for Inclusive Education and Research (IDC), Ohio State, USA. MPhil Scholar (Special Education), Department of Education, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/model-curriculum-for-life-skills-based-education-lsbe-for-children-with-intellectual-challenges https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Emotional Intelligence, Conflict Resolution and Self Efficacy among Children of Working and Non-Working Mothers Noor ul Huda Muhammad Luqman Khan Samreen Afzal Emotional Intelligence Conflict Resolution Self-Efficacy Working Non-Working Mothers Adolescents Adolescents of working and non-working mothers are assessed for emotional intelligence, conflict resolution, and self-efficacy. Developmental features examined a sample of 200. The group was emotionally intelligent, 72–148, M 117.9, SD 15.4. Conflict resolution scores 36 to 54 averaged 45.0 (SD = 3.0), indicating moderate efficacy and low skewness. Average self-efficacy declined from 12 to 66 to 28.6 (SD = 5.7). Adolescents with non-working mothers scored higher on emotional intelligence (M = 121.65, SD = 13.55) than working mothers (M = 114.16, SD = 16.39), with a modest effect size. Adolescents of non-working parents had higher self-efficacy (M = 29.53, SD = 6.12) than working moms (M = 27.81, SD = 5.20) with a small to moderate effect size (Cohen's d = 0.3 Adolescent emotional intelligence and self-efficacy are higher in non-working mothers. Because parental employment influences adolescent development, working women's families need interventions. Humanity Publications M.Phil Scholar, Department of Psychology, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Psychology, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/emotional-intelligence-conflict-resolution-and-self-efficacy-among-children-of-working-and-nonworking-mothers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Exploring the Impact of Social Media on the Mental Health of University Students Aqsa Iram Shahzadi Muhammad Farooq Amna Fazail Social Media Use Mental health Depression Satisfaction with Life Social Comparison Sleeping patterns The number of students using sites for interaction with one another has significantly increased. The massive use of social media among university students is an alarming situation that is causing harm to mental health. This research aims to find out that social media addiction causes some major factors that damage students' irregular sleeping patterns, attitudes, and behaviors. Social media users make and share content for a brief period of time, adding content that enables them to project the perfect image that has a significant impact on their mental health and life satisfaction. The findings show a strong connection between social media use and sleeping patterns and a considerable correlation between mental health and sleep patterns. Additionally, 36.3% of them reported going to bed between 12 am and 1 am respectively. Hence, 29.8% of them claimed their use of social networking sites as the reason for their later bedtime. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Institute of Media & Communication Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Mphil Scholar , Institute of Media and Communication Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, The Women University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/exploring-the-impact-of-social-media-on-the-mental-health-of-university-students https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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Learning by Doing: Hands-on Activities for Learning Mathematical Concepts at ECE Level Bahram Khan Syed Nasir Hussain Hands-on Activities Basic Mathematical Concepts Early Childhood Education National Curriculum for ECE This study was designed to examine the effects of hands-on activities on mathematical concepts at ECE level. The main objective of this study was to increase students’ understanding about early mathematical concepts through hands-on activities. Nursery class of Government Primary School Kotkay Puran Shangla KPK was selected for the study as a sample. The nature of the study demanded an experimental research design and one-group pre-test post-test design was used. The test was conducted before teaching through hands-on activities and after to see the effects. In 45 classes the treatment was completed. Pre-test and post-test were the same. The results of paired sample t-test provide evidence of significant differences which show that students’ learning of mathematical concepts was raised when taught through hands-on activities. This study recommends emphasizing the importance of hands-on activities while teaching at ECE level. Humanity Publications Elementary and Secondary Education Department, (District Shangla), Government of KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of ECE & ETE, Faculty of Education, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-06-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/learning-by-doing-handson-activities-for-learning-mathematical-concepts-at-ece-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-II).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 2 Pakistan

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School Heads Leadership Competencies: A Comparative Analysis between the Perceptions of Male and Female Secondary School Teachers Shakira Munir Maksal Minaz Muhammad Idris Leader Competencies Conceptual Competency Technical Competency Interpersonal Competency School Head This study seeks to investigate the insights of teachers about leadership competencies of secondary school heads in Malakand division. The study population consisted of 8481 teachers working in three districts i.e. Swat, Malakand and Dir lower. By using cluster sampling probability sampling method, 635 teachers were randomly selected as sample of the study. A highly valid and reliable questionnaire gathered data from secondary school teachers, revealing that heads exhibit strong competencies. Technical competency was highly observed, while conceptual competency was less so. No significant difference was found between male and female teachers' perceptions of school heads' leadership competencies. The study recommended that both pre and in-service trainings and leadership development programs may be arranged for heads to enhance their leadership competencies to effectively manage school activities. Senior teachers may also be involved in different school activities. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. Chairman, Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/school-heads-leadership-competencies-a-comparative-analysis-between-the-perceptions-of-male-and-female-secondary-school-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Professional Growth Pathways for Primary School Teachers in Multi-grade Environment: Challenges and Solutions Asma Bashir Rabiah Mohyuddin Samina Akhtar Multi-grade Teaching Professional Growth Multi-Grade Primary Level The main objective of the current research was to investigate the professional development of teachers in public schools who teach in classes with several grade levels. Professional development is a crucial aspect of effective multi-grade teaching.  Multi-grade teaching is believed to have a substantial influence on both instruction and learning. A descriptive research method was used for the study. The study population consisted of 200 government school instructors, from which a sample of 496 teachers was randomly chosen using simple random sampling. The selection was made from public schools in the Ziarat area of Balochistan, Pakistan. The data were subjected to analysis using factor analysis,ANOVA,and chi-square test. The research findings suggest that instructors with expertise and pedagogical abilities achieve higher levels of teaching and learning outcomes in multi-grade classes. The study suggested that the administration should arrange training programs to augment the pedagogical knowledge and proficiency of instructors in schools. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, The Women University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, The Women University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, The Women's University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/professional-growth-pathways-for-primary-school-teachers-in-multigrade-environment-challenges-and-solutions- https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).02 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Impact of Educational Technologies on Modern Education: Navigating Opportunities and Challenges Munawar Hussain Zainab Mehmood Qureshi Shazia Malik Educational Technologies Online learning platforms educational software Digital Resources The integration of technology into modern education has profoundly transformed traditional learning environments and offered unprecedented opportunities. This review article explores the multifaceted impact of technology on education, focusing on its role in enhancing access to information, personalizing learning experiences, and fostering collaboration among students and educators. Technological advancements, such as online learning platforms, educational software, and digital resources, have democratized education, making it accessible to a broader audience. However, challenges such as the digital divide, data privacy concerns, and potential exacerbation of educational inequalities persist. The article also examines shifts in pedagogical approaches, particularly the adoption of blended and hybrid learning models, and their implications for teacher-student interactions and curriculum development. By reviewing existing literature and case studies, this article provides a balanced overview of how technology is reshaping education and emphasizes the need for thoughtful integration and equitable access to ensure all students benefit from these advancements. Humanity Publications Campus Coordinator, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Sub-Campus, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Bahawalpur Campus, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Bahawalpur Campus, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-impact-of-educational-technologies-on-modern-education-navigating-opportunities-and-challenges https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).03 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Privatization of Government Schools on Quality and Access to Education: Perceptions of Stakeholders Naeem Haider Fariha Gul Faisal Amjad Quality of Education Access to Education School Privatization The government has announced a policy for the privatization of government schools recently. This announcement has raised many concerns about the already compromised quality of education and access to education locally. The current study is an effort to explore the perceptions of teachers, administrators, and parents on the aforementioned phenomenon. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with the respondents selected on the basis of convenience. Later, the themes were generated through transcription and thematic analysis. The responses indicate dissatisfaction of all stakeholders about privatization. The administrators are not clear about their responsibility, teachers are more concerned about their job structure while parents are more concerned about access to education. The study recommends a large-scale study for exploring the concerns and thus reviewing the policy. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Special Education, Division of Education (DoE), University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Special Education, Division of Education (DoE), University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-privatization-of-government-schools-on-quality-and-access-to-education-perceptions-of-stakeholders https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).04 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Role of Mother Tongue and its Impact on Learning English Grammar at Elementary Level: A case study of District Karak Abdul Waheed Irfan Ullah Khan Mudassir Hussain Dependent Variable Independent Variable First Language Second Language Acquisition A mother tongue plays a fundamental role in the use of other languages. The research was carried out to determine the influence of the Pashto language (L1) on the acquisition of English grammar at the elementary level in District Karak. This study employed the detailed procedure of thematic analysis technique and the Pretest-Post-test Equivalent-Groups Design for experimental design. The participants were grouped using convenient and random sampling techniques. It was found that a significant difference was observed between the scores of post-tests of the control group as well as the experimental group when the result of both groups was compared. Learners of the investigational group surpassed the learners of the control group in the domain of this particular component of grammar. It is recommended that the government should induct English teachers of the mother tongue of the learners so that they may utilize the mother tongue of the learners while teaching English grammar to their students. Humanity Publications Senior Subject Specialist (English), Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education and Research, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education and Research, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, KP, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-role-of-mother-tongue-and-its-impact-on-learning-english-grammar-at-elementary-level-a-case-study-of-district-karak https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).05 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Cultivating the Competencies: An Examination of Learning Skills in Elementary Education Zafar Siddique Ishaq Amanat Khalid Saleem 21st-Century Learning Skills Elementary School Teachers Single National Curriculum Professional Development Pedagogical Skills The learning skills cover numerous abilities toward learning, understanding, and applying knowledge. These skills generally include critical thinking, problem-solving, creativity, collaboration, communication, information literacy, and adaptability. This study was designed to determine the extent to which learning skills have been integrated into the Single National Curriculum (SNC) for elementary education and to collect qualitative data about how workable this integration is. A qualitative document analysis approach and interviews of Elementary School Teachers were used to collect data. The findings indicated that learning skills are being integrated into the SNC but, students do not apply them to their daily lives. The reasons for this problem are several: untrained teachers, insufficiency of resources, heavy pressure of society on grades, outworn methods of teaching, less use of technology, community, and parental support, and most importantly, a vast difference between the curriculum design and its actual implementation. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. Associate Professor, Department of Teacher Education, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/cultivating-the-competencies-an-examination-of-learning-skills-in-elementary-education https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).06 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Impact of Reflective Practice on the Successful Implementation of Teacher Education Programs: A Case Study of Punjab Province Bushra Naz Muhammad Javed Aftab Abdul Haseeb Sarfraz Reflective Practice Teacher Education Punjab Province Impact The study set out to investigate the relationship between reflective practice and the successful implementation of teacher education programs in Punjab. A quantitative research design was applied. The numerical data was collected to find the patterns and relationships regarding reflective practice and its effects. Teachers from different educational levels within the Punjab Education Department comprised the population, and we selected a sample of 250 teachers through simple random sampling to ensure representativeness. Data was collected using a self-developed questionnaire, including closed-ended questions to capture comprehensive insights. Expert review and factor analysis ensured the validity of the tool, and Cronbach's alpha and test-retest methods assessed its reliability. The results demonstrated a positive correlation between reflective practice and teaching effectiveness, confidence, and classroom management. Besides, the demographic analyses indicated that senior teachers and those in rural areas saw greater benefits from reflective practices. To maximize professional development, reflective practice requires customized programs and collaborative cultures, according to the study. Humanity Publications Lecturer, Department of Education, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, Division of Education (DoE), University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. MPhil Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/impact-of-reflective-practice-on-the-successful-implementation-of-teacher-education-programs-a-case-study-of-punjab-province https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).07 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Writing Anxiety: Why do IELTS Test Takers Fail to Obtain their Desired Band Scores? Rahmat Ullah Kakar Badal Ram Marwari Mir Allah Dino Bhutto Writing Anxiety IELTS Writing Likert Scale IELTS Test-Takers Student Writers Teaching Practices Learning Practices Numerous individuals with varied backgrounds (doctors, engineers and  IT professionals) either want to study in an English-speaking country or want to immigrate there. Hence they have to attempt an English proficiency test –IELTS –that requires good proficiency in writing, alongside listening, reading, and speaking. However writing has been an uphill task leading the test-takers to multiple retakes. Therefore this study is conducted to investigate the level and kind of anxiety associated with writing. The contributors to this study are 38 IELTS aspirants who have been training for IELTS through self-study and a well-known institute in Karachi, Pakistan. Responses were accumulated through Google Forms, they were translated into pie charts and ultimately presented to readers. The outcomes demonstrate that practices of learners and teachers in this context are aligned with the set standards but with minor faults. Findings of this study are essential for IELTS aspirants as well as IELTS instructors. Humanity Publications MPhil Scholar, Iqra University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. IELTS Instructor, AEO-Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of English, Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. Senior English Teacher, Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan School, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/writing-anxiety-why-do-ielts-test-takers-fail-to-obtain-their-desired-band-scores https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).08 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Effectiveness of Continuous Professional Development Teachers-Training Programmes: From Trainee Teachers' Perspectives Shah Hussain Iqbal Amin Khan Munir Khan Continuous Professional Development Programme Trainee Teachers Content Knowledge Instructional Roles Classroom Management Pedagogical Knowledge This study seeks to determine the effectiveness of continuous professional development (CPD) programs from trainee teachers' perspectives in the Malakand division. The researchers used a quantitative research approach to test hypotheses. A self-constructed questionnaire based on the opinion of trainee teachers was administered before and after the intervention (CPD). Data were collected from 266 trainee teachers in training centers in three districts of the Malakand division. The results revealed significant differences in the opinion of trainee teachers regarding content knowledge, instructional roles, ethics and professionalism, classroom management skills, and pedagogical knowledge. They perceived that after the training a significant increase took place in their perceptions regarding five constructs. The study recommended that trainee teachers as well as in-service teachers be provided ample chances to enhance their content, pedagogical, and content pedagogical skills. The government must provide a handsome amount for the conduction of CPD for teachers to equip them with modern teaching methods and skills. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Malakand, Chakdara, KP, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effectiveness-of-continuous-professional-development-teacherstraining-programmes-from-trainee-teachers-perspectives https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).09 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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A Study to Examine Gender-Based Differences in Global Citizenship Awareness among Prospective Teachers Saliha Khan Farkhanda Tabassum Awareness Education Gender Based Global Citizenship Prospective Teachers Sustainable Development This study aims to determine the level of understanding that prospective teachers at public sector universities and colleges had regarding global citizenship education during their final semester. This study used a quantitative approach with a descriptive research design. The study population included 2,004 prospective teachers from public universities and colleges in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. A sample of the study was based on 203 male and female prospective teachers. Using an adapted instrument based on global citizenship, rights, social justice, global links conflicts, and culture, researchers investigated global citizenship education on gender and age. Data were analyzed using, t-test, and mean with the help of SPSS. The results show that there was no significant difference in perspective teachers' awareness of global citizenship, rights, social justice global conflicts, links, and culture based on gender. Adding this topic to the curriculum could enhance their understanding and improve the quality of education. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/a-study-to-examine-genderbased-differences-in-global-citizenship-awareness-among-prospective-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).10 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Students’ Perceptions Regarding the Role of Technical Education and Vocational Training Institutes in Uplifting their Computer Competency in City, Faisalabad Amna Zahoor Muhammad Adnan Shad Shafqat Rasool Technical Education Vocational Training Computer Competency Student Confidence Technical education is crucial for Pakistan's economic progress, providing earning skills and employment opportunities. However, many people focus on earning degrees instead of focusing on technical education. A study was conducted at two female TEVTA public educational institutes in Faisalabad, focusing on computer appliance courses. The study found that vocational educational institutes improve skills through learning by doing with, while technological gadgets are the second-ranking skill. Basic level courses are the third-ranking skill. Technical and vocational institutes play a significant role in developing students' confidence and changing their lives. The study suggests that high authorities should manage educational resources in these institutes to improve the educational quality. The study highlights the need for higher authorities to address the lack of interest in technical education among head teachers and students. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/students-perceptions-regarding-the-role-of-technical-education-and-vocational-training-institutes-in-uplifting-their-computer-competency-in-city-faisalabad https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).11 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Artificial Intelligence in Education: An Exploration into the University Teachers’ Perspectives about Opportunities and Challenges Humayun Sohail Muhammad Shokat Zaman Muhammad Hussain Raza Zaidi Artificial Intelligence University Teachers Higher Education This was a qualitative endeavor to explore the university teachers' perspectives on opportunities and challenges regarding Artificial Intelligence in higher education. For this purpose, there were eight university teachers (from both public and private) who were sampled conveniently from the social sciences disciplines. The data have been collected with the help of a Semi-structured protocol that has been developed by the investigator(s). It comprises 10 items including one introductory and one closing question. The collected data have been analyzed with the help of the Thematic analysis. Based on the results, it is concluded that, while AI has the potential to significantly transform education, there is a clear need for more targeted support and training for educators. Addressing these challenges is crucial to fully leveraging the benefits of AI and ensuring that its integration into education enhances, rather than complicates, the teaching and learning experience. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/artificial-intelligence-in-education-an-exploration-into-the-university-teachers-perspectives-about-opportunities-and-challenges https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).12 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Relationship between Theoretical Knowledge and Application Abilities of Science Teachers in Assessment Practices at School Level Yousaf Khan Munir Khan Iqbal Amin Khan Assessment Theory Assessment Practice Different Tools and Techniques of Assessment Science Teachers Training Assessment Literacy of Science Teachers The objective was to test the hypothesis that there is no relationship between theoretical knowledge and its practical application in assessment practices used by science teachers in the classroom and in general at the school level. The nature of the study was quantitative with descriptive correlational and linear regression design. The sample was randomly taken for the survey questionnaire from the Principals of high and higher secondary schools in two districts of Pakistan. The result revealed that there is a strong positive relationship between theoretical knowledge and its practical application in assessment used by science teachers at the secondary level. The regression analysis also showed that the theoretical understanding of assessment has a strong impact on the hands-on practices of the assessment. It was recommended that the science teachers' training focus on both theoretical concepts and learning along with the practical application of the assessment practices for effective and quality instructions or pedagogy. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Education, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan. Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/relationship-between-theoretical-knowledge-and-application-abilities-of-science-teachers-in-assessment-practices-at-school-level https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).13 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Influence of Teaching Strategies in Developing Critical Thinking Skills: A Review Muhammad Tahir Khan Farooqi Mohsin Ali Hasrat Sajida Kanwal Teaching Strategies; Critical Thinking; Problem-Based Learning; Inquiry-Based Learning; Collaborative Learning This study aimed to review existing primary and secondary resources to make all stakeholders aware of the influence of different teaching strategies on fostering critical thinking in students. A specific criterion was set out by the researcher like the scope of the study, language, year of publication, nature of the journal, etc. The researcher searched out articles that duly fulfill the required criteria. After a review of those articles, findings explored multiple teaching strategies that may have a positive influence on students in making them critical thinkers. From this review, the most effective teaching strategies include the use of fairy tales, problem-based approach, collaborative learning, Socratic questioning, inquiry-based learning, and argument mapping, etc. The researcher suggested adopting multiple teaching strategies to enhance critical thinking skills in students. Humanity Publications Associate Professor & Chairperson, Department of Educational Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Faculty of Education, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. PhD Scholar, Faculty of Education, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/influence-of-teaching-strategies-in-developing-critical-thinking-skills-a-review https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).14 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Personalized Learning: A Case Study in K-12 Education Zahid Hussain Sahito Farzana Zahid Sahito Muhammad Imran Artificial Intelligence (AI) Learning Personalized Learning K-12 Education Student Engagement This study investigated the mediating role of artificial intelligence (AI) in intensifying personalized learning in K-12 education by employing qualitative case research. The study examines how an AI deployed within a K-12 school changes the engagement, academic performance, and role of teachers through its implementation. Results show that AI tools lead to large improvements in student achievement through personalized learning paths, increased engagement, and the immediacy of feedback. Nevertheless, challenges including data privacy ponderings and the digital gap are significant insights for educators to consider as well. The report suggests guidelines for policymakers and practitioners to ensure the productive application of AI in personalized learning, including equal access to technology and continuous teacher upskilling. Humanity Publications Assistant Professor, Department of Teacher Education, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Teacher Education, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan. PhD. Scholar, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST) University Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/the-role-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-in-personalized-learning-a-case-study-in-k12-education https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).15 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Assessing the Alignment of Teaching Strategies with Respect to Malcolm Knowles' Model of Andragogy for Prospective Teachers Saeed Ullah Khan Hafiz Muhammad Athar Khan Prospective Teacher Melcolm Knowles' Model of Andragogy self-directedness Self-Experience Readiness to Learn Orientation to Learning Motivation to Learn Need to Know The current study aimed to explore the teaching strategies employed by prospective teachers in relation to Malcolm Knowles' Andragogical Assumptions. This study was quantitative in nature. Researchers collected the data using a self-developed questionnaire that used a five-point Likert scale. The sample of the study consisted of 320 students purposively selected, 08 universities in southern Punjab were included. Researchers selected students pursuing B.Ed, B.Ed, and BS(education). The data were analyzed through SPSS. The result shows that teaching strategies generally align with andragogical principles. Teachers exhibited a strong alignment with principles such as motivation to learn and readiness to learn. Gender-based analysis revealed no significant differences in responses between male and female participants. Students enrolled in B.Ed programs reported higher alignment scores compared to those in B.Ed and BS (education) programs. It was recommended a closer integration of andragogical principles into teaching practices to enhance the effectiveness of teacher preparation programs. Humanity Publications PhD Scholar, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/assessing-the-alignment-of-teaching-strategies-with-respect-to-malcolm-knowles-model-of-andragogy-for-prospective-teachers https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).16 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Effectiveness of AV-Aids in Teaching and Learning Purpose: A Tool for Better Student Engagement Maqsood Ahmad Muhammad Sarwar Muhammad Arif Av-Aids Students Engagement Audio-visual Educators are exploring innovative methods to enhance teaching and learning outcomes by integrating audio-visual aids. These tools have revolutionized information delivery and can improve the learning process by captivating students through visual and auditory stimulation. The research investigated the effects of audio-visual aids on the academic performance of students in Faisalabad, with a focus on their efficacy in influencing student motivation and satisfaction. The objectives for the current study include:1. To explore the effectiveness of audio-visual aids in the teaching and learning process.2. To explore the impact of audio-visual aids on the motivation/satisfaction of the students. A descriptive study was carried out using a custom questionnaire, involving a sample of 220 students.  Furthermore, the research highlighted a moderate impact of audio-visual aids on student performance and motivation. Humanity Publications Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Professor, Department of Education Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/effectiveness-of-avaids-in-teaching-and-learning-purpose-a-tool-for-better-student-engagement https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).17 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

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Investigating Students’ Problems with Lexical Cohesion in English Essay Writing: A Case Study of Secondary School Students in Shangla Jalil Ur Rab Muhammad Aslam Khan Asad Ullah English Essay Writing Student Problems Lexical Cohesion Cohesive Devices Shangla This research explores how students from Shangla Secondary School struggle with aspects of lexical cohesion while creating essays in English. The study aimed to investigate the problems in lexical cohesion through a survey descriptive design by implying a mixed-method approach for data analysis. The data was collected from a sample of 150 secondary-level students through essay writing and interviews. The statistical analysis of the data shows that students' knowledge of cohesive devices like repetitions, synonyms, antonyms, collocations, and general nouns varies which points to the existence of a deficiency that affects the coherence level of their writing. The findings of the study suggest the idea of molding our ways of teaching in favor of the inclusion of cohesive devices in order to improve the writing skills of students. This study provides valuable information regarding the problem of lexical cohesiveness in the writing of English essays for future studies. Humanity Publications M.Phil. Scholar, Department of English Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. M.Phil. Scholar, Department of English, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan. Bs. Scholar, Department of English and Foreign Languages, University of Swat, Swat, KP, Pakistan. 2024-09-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/investigating-students-problems-with-lexical-cohesion-in-english-essay-writing-a-case-study-of-secondary-school-students-in-shangla https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-III).18 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 3 Pakistan

oai:gesrjournal.com:395999 2024-12-30 gesr

Negotiating Legitimacy: Female School Leadership and Girls' Educational Equity in Rural Communities of Lahore District, Pakistan Tahira Saddiqa Zaria Amber Female School Leadership Girls’ Education Rural Education Community Engagement Pakistan Transformational Leadership Qualitative Case Study This qualitative case study examines leadership practices and engagement in communities among 12 women school leaders in a rural area of Lahore, Pakistan, who promote girls' education. The study was grounded in Transformational Leadership Theory and employed purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews, and a thematic framework analysis as developed by Braun and Clarke. The analysis revealed 5 themes: leadership strategies, community trust, cultural barriers, institutional problems, and educational empowerment. The research shows that effective leadership promotes enrolment and serves as a symbolic role model, strengthening attendance and school-home communication. However, poverty, early marriage, transport safety concerns, and staff shortages are curbing their efforts. The study concludes that there is a need for greater policy support to make relational, community-facing leadership most effective, which in turn requires local support. The findings have significant implications for leadership preparation, girls' education policy, and community-based education reform in Pakistan. Humanity Publications Lecturer in education, Higher education Department (HED), Punjab Pakistan. Course Coordinator Educational Research, QAED, Punjab, Pakistan. 2024-12-30 Text Article application/pdf https://gesrjournal.com/article/negotiating-legitimacy-female-school-leadership-and-girls-educational-equity-in-rural-communities-of-lahore-district-pakistan https://doi.org/10.31703/gesr.2024(IX-IV).01 en Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Global Educational Studies Review Volume 9, Issue 4 Pakistan